459 



In Europe, Rhode (1912) records Chiroummis interru[<tns (Kieff.) 

 and C. rliyparobins (Kieff.) as being polysaprohic : Chiroiioiniis dichro- 

 moccnis (Kieff.), Prodiamcsa iciitliyobrota (Kieff'.) and Pclohia cn- 

 hydra rliypophila Kieff. as being between polysaprohic and alpha met;osa- 

 probic. From the alpha mesosaprobic sub-zone he records Chironomits 

 pentatomus (Kieff".), C. tliuniini (Kieff'.), Isocladhis albipcs Kieff., Crico- 

 topiis pctlokitits Kieff'., Pscctrotanypus brcvicalcar Kieff'., Trichotaiivpits 

 bifurcatiis Kieff'., var., Dactylncladins setosipciinis Kieff., and D. Iiaiiii- 

 fcr Kieff'. From the beta mesosaj^robic zone he records three s])ecics of 

 Chironomus. The long, snake-like larvae of Palpoinyia were common 

 in polluted waters at Stations 12, 13, and 21. 



The only Tipulidae noted on this survey were a few larvae of a car- 

 nivorous species (Erioccra) in strictly clean waters. The sewage crane- 

 fly (Erioptcra sp., possibly z'cspcrtina O. S., discussed by Suler and 

 Moore (1922), is a species that can stand rather unusual conditions of 

 pollution for members of this genus. The two common genera of Pty- 

 chopteridae, Bittacouiorpha and Ptychoptcra. are well-known inhabitants 

 of contaminated water situations in streams. In Europe, Ptychoptcra 

 contaminata lives in filthy waters and was found by Kolkwitz and Mars- 

 son in their mesosaprobic or polluted zone. Similarly Bittacomorpha 

 claz'ipcs was found by Weston and Turner (1917) in the polluted Co- 

 weeset stream in Massachusetts. The larvae of members of this family 

 are generally similar to the rat-tailed maggots in form, having the spira- 

 cles situated at the ends of an enormously elongated and extensile breath- 

 ing tube that is projected above the water-level while the larva feeds at 

 will beneath the surface. 



A BiBLiodR.sniY OF Aqu.\tic Insects 



In the following ])ages is given a list of the papers relating to aquatic 

 insects. An especial effort has been made to comjilete the Inbiiogniphy 

 for the past decade. No attempt has been m;ide to include scattered 

 references to distribution, anatomy, histology, and similar subjects, but 

 it has been endeavored to make the bibliography as complete as possible 

 for the immature stages, biology, ecology, and physiology. It should be 

 noted that the references include only those to the stage found in the 

 water — the naiades of Odonata, Plecoptera. and Fphcmerida ; the nym])hs 

 and adults of Hemiptera; the larvae and pu|)ae of Xeuroptera, 'i'richop- 

 tera, Lejiidoptera, Diptera, and certain Colco])tcra ; and the lar\'ae and 

 adults of Coleojitera and Hymenoj)tera. The numerous references to 

 the aerial stages of these insects are altogether omitted. It is the in- 

 tended purpose of this bibliography to aid the students of hydrobiology 

 and limnology to determine the forms of insect life that they find in the 

 water, and the inclusion of other stages would serve no especial func- 

 tion. 



The literature of aquatic insects is widely scattered and there are 

 no exhaustive lists of references excej)t in a few special groups. The 



