THE 



PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE 

 AND JOURNAL: 



COMPREHENDING 



THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF SCIENCE, 



THE LIBERAL AND FINE ARTS, 



GEOLOGY, 



AGRICULTURE, 



MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. 



BY ALEXANDER TILLOCH, 



M.R.I.A. F.S.A. Edin. and Perth, &c. 



" Nee aranearum sane textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignunt, nee noster 

 vai«r quia es alienis libanms ut apes," Just. Livs. Msnit. F*IH. lib. i. cap. i. 



VOL. XLIV. 



For JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, NO VEMBER, 

 and DECEMBER. 



LONDON: \ 



' ■ ' 'J >: 

 PRINTED BY RICHARD AND ARTHUR TAYLOR, SHOE VA 



And (lold by Cadell and Da vies; Longman, Hurst Rees, Orme, and 



Brown; MorraT ; Highley; Sherwood and Co.; Harding ; 



Unoirwood, London : Constable and Co. Edinburgh; 



Brash and Reid, and Niven, Glasgow: 



& Gilbert & Hodges, Dublin. 



