376 Dr. Spurzheim's demonstrative Course of Lectures 



the result of society and of conventional laws, yet the feeling of 

 property, the love of possession, is innate, it is connate with 

 selfishness. Society creates no faculty ; animals and men 

 whether social or unsocial equally evince this feeling of property 

 or possession^ this propensity to self-apjiropriation. it is apparent 

 throughout all nature ; birds do not allow others to come into 

 their haunts ; hares, game, &:c. have a certain country ; we 

 never see two robins on one tree ; there is never more than a 

 certain number of nightingales in one wood or forest. The 

 necessity of food may have some effect in this case, but the dis- 

 position to prevent or flee intrusion is no less unecjuivocal ; a 

 dog defends his bone with more obstinacy in his master's house 

 than abroad ; men also having this feeling of mevm resist with 

 more courage. Hence this covetive propensity is natural, it 

 ,existed before anv social conventions ; they came afterwards ; its 

 abuse rendered them and laws necessary to clieck its excesses. 

 This, like all other propensities, if duly exercised, is laudable ; 

 it is its abuse only which is criminal ; as drunkenness is not a 

 facultv but an abuse of thirst, so theft, plagiarism, fraud, usury, 

 self-appropriation, &c. are abuses of this natural propensity, the 

 organ of which is situated immediately behind that of construc- 

 tiveness. 



IX. Or^an of secretiveness. This is found in liars, hypo- 

 crites, dramatists, intriguers, &c. and runs a lateral direction 

 behind the organs of coustructiveness and covetiveness (exhibiting 

 an almost continuous ridge from the temples to the occiput, if 

 the preceding organs be much developed). y\ll expressions are 

 conformable to the primitive faculty ; he who conceals his de- 

 signs is cunning, and therefore has this organ. Keeping a se- 

 cret belongs to this faculty, and is meritorious (there is perhaps 

 no man of integrity who camiot keep a secret) . The above nine 

 faculties are denominated i'ropknsities in may, in animals Itit 

 sllnct, because innate or internal impulses. 



The next division of the mind is into that of sentiments, of 

 which four are common to man and four to animals. Senti- 

 ments have something more than mere inclination, are more ge- 

 nerally active in the individual ; some of them are common to 

 men and animals, others only common to men, and others to 

 animals. 



The Xth configuration is the organ of self-love or pride, 

 which is situated on the central summit of the head ; in mad- 

 men it is very conmionly developed and conspicuous. Profile of 

 a beggar who was too proud to learn any business by which he^ 

 might earn a subsistence. 



XI. Organ of approhalion or vanity. This sentiment is in- 

 dicated by two oblong elevations or organs on each side of the 



OFgan. 



