on Drs. Gall and Spurzhelm^sPhjnognomonical System. 3S1 

 perfectly corresponded with his character, having the or"-an of 

 destructiveiiess, and all the animal faculties large behind and the 

 human ones very small before. 



Led. S. Of the intellectual faculties. These are divided into 

 two genera, the knowing or perceiving and reflecting facuUies. 

 The knowing or perceiving faculties niake men acquainted with 

 the external world, with the qualities of things ; they begin v/ith 

 the five senses. Almost every opinion on this subject, which 

 has been taught by philosophers, is erroneous. It has unfor- 

 tunately been received as an unquestionable truth from Aristotle 

 to the present day, that there is nothing in the mind but what 

 has been received through the mediunrof the senses. Yet all 

 propensities are internal, the external senses are only the means 

 by vvhich the internal mind acts on the body. There is no pro- 

 portion between voluntary motion and the five senses; the mus- 

 cles may be diseased, yet the senses remain perfect, as they do 

 not feel, they only convey the external impressions to the mind, 

 thev act mediately; their object is two-fold, the external world 

 is discovered by them only ; and every sense is brought in com- 

 munication with the brain. Voluntary motion is necessary to 

 all action ; the nerves of motion are in commimication with all 

 the senses and the mind. All the senses are double; there are 

 ten organs to the five senses, yet consciousness is single. This 

 generally received explanation is not satisfactory to Dr. S., he 

 considers consciousness to be single only in the healthy state ; 

 in disease it is often double; one thinks himself occasionally a 

 king; another hears a voice on his one side and not on the other; 

 these are instances of double consciousness, for the supposed 

 voiceLs internal and not external ; it is his internal sensation. 

 But, if consciousness be single, what is the effect ? Touch, say 

 philosophers, rectifies all the senses after birth ; vision, smell, &c. 

 they pretend, are rectified by the touch ; but one sense cannot 

 rectify another. Every sense is subject to its own laws. Some 

 anirnals see at birth and avoid external objects before touch has 

 rectified their vision ; partridges, quails, &c. run from the nest 

 immediately after breaking their shells. Mt^n never believe that 

 they see internally ; they are always disposed to transfer their 

 mternal sensations to external things. Madmen hear angels 

 smg, but never suspect that the sensation is in themselves. 'No 

 sense can give power to another, but one may be corrected by 

 another to a certain degree. A stick looked at with one end in 

 water appears crooked ; by the touch we discover it is straight, 

 but this is a contradiction, and not a rectification of the one 

 sense by the other. Yet the senses do rectify themselves. There 



