Russell Institution, 235 



expLiin. Marine remains are also found imbedded in rocks 

 at the greatest dcplhs which have been explored. No re- 

 mains of man have been found in solid rock, except in 

 mines, or what liad been covered by recent depositions of 

 calcareous earth ; of which specimens were shown. The 

 skeletons of quadrupeds found in mines and cavities of cal- 

 careous rock, he considered as recent, compared with the 

 marine remains of which such rocks were composed. The 

 entire skeleton of an elephant was found in a mine near 

 Wirkswonh. Mr. Bakewell su~iiposed that, in this instance, 

 a cave, once open to the day, had been closed by stalacti- 

 tical formations ; which is frequently the case. From these 

 fossil remains in the mineral kingdom, Mr. Bakewell said 

 it might be inferred, that the creation of man was posterior 

 to that of other animals, and took place lona; after those 

 mighty convulsions which elevated part of our present 

 lands and continents from the bottom of the ocean. 



Second Lecture — Mr. Bakewell described the qualities of 

 the four earths, silex, clay, lime and magnesia, which, 

 with the oxide or rust of iron, compose all the great masses 

 of matter found on the surface of our globe. In some in- 

 stances they are combined with the sulphuric or carbonic 

 acids. These few elements entering into combinations with 

 each other, constitute the great variety of stones found in 

 the mineral kingdom ; and it was not difficult for a persca 

 entering on the study of mineralogy to ascertain the earths 

 whose qualities were most predominant in each kind of rock. 

 The rocks called primary contain no organic remains, they 

 are chiefly composed of siliceous earth (except primitive 

 limestone), they are generally hard and crystalline. Of 

 these the most important is granite, being considered by 

 many geologists as the foundation rock on which all the 

 others are laid. Next to granite are usually found the differ- 

 ent slate rocks, known by the names of gneiss, and micaceous 

 and argillaceous schist: of these specimens were exhibited, 

 and their nature and localities described. Mr. Bakewell, in 

 stating the diiferent parts of England and Wales where 

 the primary rocks appear, said, it had been erroneously as- 

 serted that there are no granite rocks in Cumberland and 

 Westmoreland ; on the contrary, there are in both these 

 counties, rocks of highly crystalline large-grained granite, 

 of which he produced specimens. Most of the other rocks 

 called primary, generally exist in beds of diftercnt depths 

 amongst the slate rocks, or cover them in vast masses, and 

 vhich appear to have been of more recent formation. 



'ihe arrangement of rocks in the primary mountains of 



Great 



