primarily impaired by Age. 61 
roots themselves, at the end of four or five years, probably 
contained at least ten times as much alburnum, as they 
would have contained had the trees remained ungrafted. 
The roots were also free from every appearance of disease 
or detect. 
Some crab-stocks were at the same time grafted with the 
golden pippin, in a soil where the wood of that variety 
rarely lived more than two years; and I again grafted the 
annual shoots of the golden pippin with cuttings of a 
young and-healthy crab-tree; so as to include a portion of 
the wood of the golden pippin between the roots and 
branches of the native uncultivated species, or crab-tree; 
and in this situation it grew just as well as the wood of the 
stock and branches. Some branches also of the golden 
pippin trees, which I mentioned in my former communica- 
tion of 1795, being much cankered, were cut off about a 
foot above the junction of the grafts to the stocks, and were 
regrafted with a new and healthy variety. Parts of the 
wood of the golden pippin, in which were many cankered 
spots, were thus placed between the newly inserted grafts, 
and the stocks; and these parts have subsequently become 
perfectly free from disease, and the wounds, previously 
made by canker, have been wholly covered with new and 
healthy bark. These facts, therefore, satisfied me, that the 
debility and diseases of old varieties of fruit of this species, 
did not originate in any defective action of the bark or al- 
burnum, either of the root, or of the stem and branches ; 
and my attention was consequently directed to the leaf and 
succulent animal shoot, 
A few crab stocks were grafted with cuttings of the 
golden pippin, ina situation and soil where I bad previously 
ascertained that the wood of the golden pippin rarely re- 
mained in health at the end of a second year ;, and, as soon 
as the annual shoots had acquired sufficient growth and 
firmness, numerous buds of a new and luxuriant variety of 
apple, which had recently sprung from seed, were inserted 
in them. During the succeeding winter, the natural buds 
of the golden pippin branches were destroyed, and those 
inserted suffered alone to remain; and as soon as the leaves 
of these had unfolded, and entered on their office, every 
symptom of debility and disease disappeared im the bark 
and wood of the golden pippin; and each continued to 
perform its office, just as well as the wood and bark of 
the young seedling stocks could have done under similar 
circumstances, 1 made nearly the same experiments on 
the pear-tree, and with the same result. 
I have 
