On Citric Add. 101 



{lihes ruhrum), the bilberry {vaccinium myrtillus'^), the haw- 

 thorn {cratcegus ariaf), the black cherry {pnmus cerasusX), 

 the wood strawberry (fragaria vesca§), the knout or cloudberry 

 {ruhus chumcemorus ||),and in the raspberry {ruhus idceus, which 

 has also the property of rapidly dissolving the tartarous incrusta- 

 tions on the teeth), it is mixed with nearly an equal proportion 

 of malic acid. From all of these the citric acid may, however, 

 be separated by means of chalk, if ever a scarcity of limes and 

 lemons should occur. 



Simon Pauli has published the method of making a concrete 

 salt from the juice of the barberry ; and directions for making 

 barberry-punch of a beautiful red colour are given by Weigleb. 

 It may also be worth mentioning, that sometimes there is a large 

 quantity of damaged tamarinds in the market, which might be 

 bought cheap enough for the use of calico-printers, and which 

 would afford their citric acid to calcareous earth, in the same way 

 as the common lemon juice. Vauquelin, who has made direct 

 experiments upon the tamarind, {Ann. de Chim.v.) has shown 

 that one pound of the pulp contains one once and a half of solid 

 citric acid^. 



The chemical affinities of this acid, and which were determined 

 by Bergman and by Mons. de Breney, of the Academy of Dijon, 

 are in the following order : 



Oxides of 

 Barytes, Manganese, Mercury, 



Lime, Iron, Antimony, 



Magnesia, Lead, Silver, 



Potash, Cobalt, Gold, 



Soda, Copper, Platina, 



Anmionia, Tellurium, and 



Arsenic, Alumina. 



• The juice of this berry has been employed to stain paper, or linen, purple. 

 In autumn the moor-game chiefly live upon the product of this shrub. 



■j- The wood of the Crataegus aria, on account of its great tough.aess, is much 

 used for making wheels and axletrees ; it is also so hard and smooth a wood that 

 it is highly esteemed for making the handles of sundry tools used by carpenters 

 and others. 



I The gum which exudes from this tree is extremely nutritive; indeed, it is 

 equal in every respect to gum Arabic. Hasselquist, in the account of his Tra- 

 vels, octavo, London, 170'G, relates that a hundred men, during a siege, were 

 kept alive for nearly two months without any other sustenance than a little of 

 this gum taken occasionally into the mouth, and suffered gradually to dissolve. 

 The w{K)d is in grcit estimation with the turner. 



§ It has been said that this fruit has the property of dissolving the tartarous 

 incrustations upon the teeth, and that hence, those who have been afllicted with 

 gout and nephritic disorders have found great relief by eating them very freely. 



II The inhabitants of Norway pack the cloudberry in casks, and send them to 

 tlie capital of Sweden, where they are served up in desserts. The Laplanders 

 bury them under the snow, and thus preserve them fresh from one year to an- 

 other. Withering, 8vo, vol. i. liirm. 1776, page 303. 



^ The rubus ida;us has also the property of disnolving the tartarons incrusta- 

 tions on the teeth, but in this respect it is uifcrior to the strawberry. 



G3 it 



