222 On a new Species of Calculus. 



at present ; nor is it clear that the heat of the air, earth, or water, 

 ill those high latitudes, has yet attained its lowest degree*. 



By keeping in mind that there has been a time in which the 

 climate was temperate, and the soil, for the tame reason, was 

 productive in high northern latitudes, we are enabled to account 

 for manv phasnomena which had appeared very ei.igmatical. We 

 are no longer surprised that any part of our species should have 

 migrated and settled themselves willingly in Lapland and other 

 vesrions near the arctic circle ; in regions from which nature, in 

 the present age, seems to shrink with horror. Those countries, 

 as we conceive, were all of them settled while the cHniate was 

 temperate and the soil fit for cultivation. As the miseries that 

 are caused bv cold weather and a frozen soil increased, the ha- 

 bits and constitutions of the inhabitants suffered a considerable 

 change, and thcv became attached to the land of their ancestors. 

 Theynow Hve, or seem to live, contented, in a country to which 

 criminals are banished as one of the severest punishments. 



By attending to the above-stated changes in soil and climate 

 in high northern latitudes, we can easily discover how it should 

 have happened that Norway contained a crowded population 

 above one thousand years ago, and sent out colonies. 



Bv attending to that change of climate, in high- latitudes, we 

 can easily account for incidents that have excited general atten- 

 tion twelve or fifteen hundred years ago. We discover how it 

 happened that certain countries, which at present are not very 

 desirable nor productive, had formerly been the nfficina gentium^ 

 the very nursery of nations ; and \vh)-, in the process of time, it 

 became necessary for those very people to migrate by thousands 

 in quest of better habitations. 



XLV. On a new Species of Calculus. By Mr, J. T. Cooper. 

 To Mr. Tilloch. 



Sjr^ — In July last I sent you an account of a new species of 



calculus, page 27 j and having submitted it to a n»ore correct 



analysis, I now transmit you the result. 



Ten grains of it, after being heated to about 220° Fahrenheit, 



for the space of twenty minutes, gave of 



Carbonate of lime . . 9*3 

 Phosphate of lime . . "4 

 Oxide of iron . . '2 



Loss . . . . . . • 1 



* Vast bodies of ice from the northero seas are tliought to have be- 

 come more dangerous of late to navigators, near tlie banks of Ne^vfoimd- 

 land, tlian Ixirmerly. I was 



