42 A Geological Sketch of Part of 
which seem hitherto to have escaped the attention of mineralo- 
gists. The Cross Fell range of mountains is composed of lime- 
stone, sandstone, slate-clay, coal and greenstone ; the dip of the 
strata is towards the south-east, the mountains are very preci- 
pitous towards the west, and generally rest upon the old red 
sandstone; but that this is not always the case, the following 
facts will prove. At the foot of the Cross Fell range towards 
the west, a series of small conical hills make their appearance, 
which I have traced froin beside Helton near Brough in West- 
moreland, to the boundary of the county of Cumberland, a di- 
stance of about twelve miles; but the base of these hills is no 
where more than three quarters of a mile in breadth. From the 
observations of Professor Buckland, of which a short notice was 
published in Thomson’s Annals, it appears that these hills, or at 
least the rocks which compose them, extend considerably further 
north, at least as far as Melmerby in Cumberland ; but this was 
unknown to me at the time 1 examined this neighbourhood. 
These hills or pikes, as they are called in the county, are com- 
posed of greenstone, grau-wacke and grau-wacke slate; and on 
the north side of Dufton pike, which is the central one, granite 
is found. 
These primitive and transition rocks do not form a continued 
line, but are interrupted by the red sandstone which nearly sur- 
rounds the hills or pikes, till it almost comes in contact with the 
limestone rocks: but although I have seen these rocks on the 
surface at the distance of not more than 50 yards from eaeh 
other, I have never been able to find their junction, nor to sa- 
tisfy myself as to their relative positions. At Dufton there is a 
very good section of the junction of the metalliferous rocks with 
the grau-wacke. The limestone, &c. in approaching the older 
rocks, vary from their nearly horizontal position, and rise towards 
the west at an angle of about 45° against the side of Dufton 
pike; and on the other side of the pike we find the red sand- 
stone dipping towards the west. On Dufton pike both the 
granite and grau-wacke have been quarried for the purpose of 
repairing the roads. 
At Warcop the grau-wacke is covered by a very singular 
limestone, some strata of which are so full of fragments of 
quartz, that at first sight I took it for an alternation of grau- 
wacke with limestone. The other strata are, however, compact, 
resembling basalt with small spangles of mica interspersed, and 
there is one of oolite; the dip of this limestone is to the west, 
at an angle of 10° or 12°, and its outgoings are covered by the 
metalliferous rocks, which, as is always the case in this neigh- 
bourhood upon their coming near the older rocks, haye their in- 
clination 
