Cumberland and Westmoreland. 43 
elination increased; but the increase here is very great, making 
an angle of not less than 70° with the horizon. This limestone 
is not more than half a mile in breadth, when the red sandstone 
is found in nearly a conformable position, and appears to rest 
upon the limestone; but of this I am not certain, as I could not 
see these rocks incontact. I am inclined to consider this lime- 
stone as belonging to the transition class, although 1 am aware 
that it will be objected to,on account of its having beds of oolite, 
which is always considered as belonging to the newest floetz. 
{ am afraid we fetter ourselves too much by considering certain 
fossils as belonging exclusively to certain classes of rocks, by 
which means many encrusting fossils are overlooked. Mr. Bigg 
found ashestus iu greenstone at Melmerby Scar, and [ have lately 
found the same substance forming veins in transition greenstone 
in the neighbourhood of Keswick :—now this mineral is always 
described as belonging only to serpentine rocks. I found car- 
bonate of strontian in the basalt of the Giant’s Causeway, and 
this substance is said only to belong to primitive mountains. 
It is now about twelve years ago since I first observed granite 
on Skiddaw and Saddleback, since when it has been frequently | 
visited ; but its relation with the other rocks composing these 
mountains not having been ascertained, | was induced to ex- 
amine them this summer. ‘The granite is found in the bed of 
the rivulet which separates these mountains, and extends north- 
ward across the river Calduo to Carrick Fell; it is rather small- 
grained, composed of white felspar, quartz, and grayish mica. 
The summits of Skiddaw and Saddleback are clay-slate and 
hornblende-slate in alternate beds, dipping to the south at an 
angle of about 60°, and resting immediately on the granite; but 
on Carrick Fell this rock is covered by gneiss, the felspar of 
which is of a grayish-white colour; the mica abundant, but in 
minute scales ; so that this rock might be mistaken for a thin 
slaty micaceous sandstone, were it not sufficiently characterized 
by the felspar. The gneiss is again covered by mica-slate, which 
becoming mixed with hornblende, passes ito hornblende-slate, 
thus proving the hornblende-slate, and consequently the clay- 
slate, to be of the same formation as the mica-slate. On the 
other part of Carrick Fell, the mica-slate is covered by sienite, 
which forms nearly the whole of the mountains of Carrick and 
Caldbeck Fells. This sienite varies very much in its appearance : 
the first rock of it we meet with is very small grained, consisting 
of reddish felspar-quartz, and very little green hornblende; after 
that a beautiful large-grained variety is found; the felspar white 
with black hornblende, the crystals of which are frequently 
early an inch in length. As we proceed northward the — 
blende 
