332 On the State of the Manufacture 
new processes of manufacture that can be interesting to industry, 
to commerce, and the nation. 
We recollect with terror those difficult times when the French, 
driven from the seas, had no communication either with their 
own colonies or those of other nations. France found herself all 
at once deprived of all the products of Asia and America, of 
which the greatest part had become articles of the first necessity. 
She called upon the industry of her own people ; the government 
encouraged their efforts, and in a little time we obtained substi- 
tutes for some by indigenous products, and we found in the pro- 
ductions of our soil, substances absolutely of the same nature as 
those for which we had hitherto been dependent on the new 
world. ‘The cottons of Spain, of Rome, and Naples, especially 
those of Castellamare, are employed in the place of those of 
America and India; madder takes the place of cochineal by the 
process of Messrs. Gouin; woad, as it is treated in the establish- 
ments of Messrs. Puymaurin, Rouqués, and Giobert, furnishes 
excellent indigo; and the numerous manufactories formed for 
the extraction of sugar from beet-root, show to Europe that we 
have shaken off the yoke of the new world. 
Hardly were these establishments formed, scarcely were the 
still imperfect processes established, than another order of things 
took place: peace has again opened the communication, our old 
habits have resumed their empire, and in a little time probably 
we shall have banished to the rank of chimeras, the possibility 
‘of manufacturing sugar and indigo among ourselves, However, 
some persons have continued, and still continue, to extract 
sugar from beet-root; and it is easy to prove that this manu- 
facture may be supported in competition with that cf the colo- 
nies, which I believe I shall demonstrate in this memoir. 
When France began to experience the;want of sugar, we at 
first sought for the means of supplying it in the syrups of certain 
fruits, especially the grape, and this manufacture has been sin- 
gularly improved. Large establishments were formed in several 
parts of the kingdom for the extraction of syrup, and they have 
been productive of two important results, equally advantageous ; 
first, of causing the consumption of a great quantity of syrup in 
the place of sugar for several domestic purposes, and exclusively 
in the hospitals; secondly, of giving a value to our grapes which 
at that period had scarcely any. A little time afterwards a me- 
thod was found of extracting a farinaceous and solid sugar from 
the grape, and this product was more similar to the cane sugar 
than the syrup; it was like the cane sugar in having no smell, 
and could be employed instead of it in every way, by using two 
or three times its weight to produce the same effect. This 
sugar is not susceptible of erystallization, Nearly at the same 
~~ time, 
