286 Hungarian Agriculture, and Improvement in the 
came into my hands through a very circuitous medium, and I 
trust a sufficient apology, for publishing private directions of 
this nature, will be found, in a wish to point out to my English 
readers the assiduous exertions of a Hungarian noble, who 
takes the lead in the agriculture of his country, and in my un- 
willingness that they should be deprived of the valuable hints 
which may be thus afforded. Their utility makes them almost 
public property; and I foresee no inconvenience that can arise 
from making them known. 
The first idea on reading these regulations will probably be, 
that, while they look well, in a theoretical point of view, they are 
too nice for practice. Such, however, is not the case. I be- 
lieve, from all which I saw, that they are completely put in exe- 
cution at Urmeny. The Graf has, indeed, one advantage, which 
will not often be found; he has inspired all his officers and ser- 
vants with an interest in the subject. ‘The number of persons 
employed is about one man to every hundred sheep, and each of 
them considers his flock as his family and pride. 
The result of all this care has been a success which could 
searcely have been anticipated. A conception can hardly be 
formed of flocks more uniformly excellent. The sheep are strong 
and healthy; and, for the Spanish cross, large. Their fleeces 
perfect,—not a lock broken or displaced, —and even the tail and 
legs covered with good wool. It is, of course, the wool, and not 
the carcase, which is the great object i in a country so poor, and 
so thinly peopled, as Hungary. 
The pfund (1:23 Ib. avoirdupois) of wool on the spot, yields 
nearly one ahd a half silver gulden, which, as the gulden varies, 
according to the course of exchange, from one-seventh to one- 
ninth of a pound sterling, is between 3s. and 4s. 6d. Three 
pfund (about 331bs.) is estimated as about the average product 
of each sheep. Some, however, particularly the rams, yield six 
or seven. The hale of the wool, without any separation, and 
only washed on the back of the sheep, i is sold at the same price; 
and the consequence is, that, from flocks which, if covered with 
the ordinary wool of the country, might be expected to yield an 
income of 15,000 or 20,000 ‘guldens, not less than 50,000 
guldens are now annually produced. : 
In this sketch of the Hunyadi ceconomy, J must not neglect 
the horned cattle. The native Hungarian breed bears much 
resemblance to the wild white species which was formerly found 
in our own country. They are large, vigorous, and active, of a 
dirty white colour, with horns of a prodigious length, exceeding 
in this respect even the long-horned breed of Lancashire. The 
oxen are most excellently adapted for the plough, uniting to all the 
qualities of the ordinary ox, a very superior degree of activity. 
The 
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