256 Discoveries made in Egypt. 
has usually prevailed, much attention being shown to the mark- 
ing of the joints and muscles. In another of these buildings was 
a sculptured boat of a large size with a square sail, different from 
any now in use on the Nile. In the first Gamer were bas-re- 
liefs of men, deer and birds, painted to resemble nature ;—the 
men engaged in different mechanical occupations. In the second 
apartment there were similar productions—a quarrel between 
some boat-men, executed with great spirit—men engaged in agri- 
cultural pursuits, ploughing, hoemg, stowing the corn in ma- 
gazines, &c.—vases painted in vivid colours—musicians with a 
group. of dancing women: another chamber was without embel- 
lishment : a fourth had figures and hieroglyphics ; and in a fifth 
were hieroglyphics executed on white plaster, as it would ap- 
pear, by means of stamps. In all the mausoleums which were 
opened, fragments of mummy cloth, bitumen and human bones 
were found ; but what is perhaps most singular of all, in one 
apartment or other of all of them was a deep shaft or well. One 
that was cleared out by Mr. Caviglia was sixty feet deep; and in a 
- subterranean chamber a little to the south, at the bottom of the 
well, was found without a lid, a plain but highly-finished sarco- 
phagus; and from this it may be inferred, that in each mauso- 
Jeum such a chamber and sarcophagus may be found at the bot- 
tom of the well. Mr. Salt mentions that all the mausoleums con- 
sisted of different apartments, some more some less in number, 
variously disposed and similarly decorated, and that the objects 
in which the artists have best succeeded are animals and birds: 
the human figures are in general out of proportion, but the ac- 
tion in which they are engaged is intelligibly, and, in some in- 
stances, energetically expressed. In many of the chambers the 
colours retain all their original freshness. The bas-reliefs and 
colouring after nature, in these early efforts of art, serve, he says, 
to embody the forms, and to present a species of reality that 
mere painting can with difficulty produce. 
Mr. Salt considers these edifices as anterior to the pyramids. 
_ The Quarterly Reviewer, with more reason, we think, concludes 
on the contrary, that they were constructed from the dilapidated 
casing of the pyramids, which had on them an immense number 
of hieroglyphics; and a fact mentioned by Mr. Salt, namely, 
that one of the stones bearing an inscription and figures was built 
into the wall in which he saw it, upside down, furnishes evidence 
that it had previously formed a part of some other edifice. 
But the most brilliant of Mr, Caviglia’s labours was that of un- 
covering the great And o-sphynx in front of the pyramid of Ce- 
_ phrenes, which we noticed in our fifty-first volume. The labour, 
which was immense, is described pretty fully in the Quarterly 
Review, No, xxxviii. It cost him three months incessant exertion 
with 
