THE 



PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE 



AND JOURNAL: 



COMPREHENDING 



THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF SCIENCE, 



THE LIBERAL AND FINE ARTS, 



AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURES, 



AND COMMERCE. 



By ALEXANDER TILLOCH, LL.D. 



M.R.I.A. M.G.S. M.A.S. F.S.A. EDIN. AND PERTH ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF 



THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, MUNICH ; AND OF THE ACADEMY 



OF SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND ARTS, LEGHORN, ETC. 



And RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S. 



MEMBER OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, OF THE METEORO- 

 LOGICAL SOCIETY; AND OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY 

 OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



" Nee aranearum sane textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignunt, nee noster 

 vilior quia ex alienis libamus ut apes." Just. Lips. Monti. Polti. lib. i. cap. 1. 



VOL. LXIV. 



For JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, 

 and DECEMBER, 1824. 



LONDON. 



PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE: 



AND SOLD BY CADELL; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN 



BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; H1GHLEY ; SHERWOOD, JONLS, 



AM) CO.J IIARD1NC ; UNDERWOOD; SIMPK1N AND 



MARSHALL, LONDON : — AND BY CONSTABLE 



AND CO. EDINBURGH : AND PENMAN, 



SGOW. 





