22 Mr. D. Mushet on the Ctystallization 



My observations have not been sufficiently extensive to en- 

 able me to say whether this lengthening of the pappus is a very 

 unusual occurrence ; but I suppose it to be so from the following 

 remark of M. Cassini, the universal application of which must 

 be modified by the fact which I have mentioned : " L'aigi'ette 

 ne prend aucun accroissement apres la fleuraison, meme dans 

 le cas oil I'ovaire des synatherees graiidit beaucoup apres cette 

 epoque *, " 



The figures of these plants are not in general delineated with 

 sufficient attention to detail, to show whether they are taken 

 from a male or a female specimen ; in some cases, however, there 

 is little room for doubt, as in Professor Hooker's figure of 

 Cniciis heterophijllus, to which I have already referred. 



Cnicus palustris, English Botany, pi. 974, and Cnicus acaulis, 

 Flora Danica, 1114, ai'e certainly antheriferous plants. 



The figures of Cnicus arvensis in the Flora Lojidinensis and 

 in English Botany, pi. 975, are females ; but the figure of Fa- 

 bius Columna in his Ecphrasis, i. 46. (the first probably ever 

 executed of this plant) is remarkable for its great accuracy, 

 showing clearly that it is a male ; and exhibiting moreover the 

 elongation of the pappus in the female after flowering, by a 

 comparative view of it as attached to a floret and to a seed ; a 

 circumstance unnoticed by others, even where the seed has 

 been delineated with the pappus. 



VII. On the Crystallization of Cast Iron. By Mr. David 

 Mushet. 



To the Editors of the Philosophical Magazine and Journal. 



npWENTY-THREE years ago I sent you a paper on the 

 ■*- Crystallization of Cast-iron ; and at the same time I for- 

 warded to my friend Mr. Lowry a complete set of specimens, 

 to be by him engraved, illustrative of what was at that time 

 considered a new and rather interesting subject. Mr. Lowry's 

 more important engagements, however, prevented him from 

 completing the undertaking ; and as the paper had a reference 

 to the different varieties of iron sent him, its insertion in the 

 Magazine was at first postponed, waiting for the plates, and in 

 time became overlooked and forgotten. 



The subject was brought to my recollection about eighteen 

 months ago, while reading a paper on metallurgic crystallo- 

 graphy in Dr. Brewster's Journal, by Professor Haussman, 

 wherein the crystallization of iron is fully described ; and more 

 particulai-ly within these few days, in consequence of being 



* Journal de Phijsique, tome Ixxxv. p. 17. 



informed, 



