Intelligence and Miscellaneous Articles. 385 



the nerves of the sac divide and radiate; a third, joined to the cor- 

 responding one, descends into the abdomen, and is distributed 

 among the viscera; a small thread goes to tlie ear. There is not 

 the slightest trace of a spinal marrow, or of those numerous pairs 

 of nerves which spring from it so regularly in vertebrated animals. 

 So, likewise, there is neither spine of the back, nor tiny of the limb 

 pairs or side pairs which are attached to it. 



That which has misled the authors of the Memoir is the position 

 of the ear on the side of the cartilaginous ring opposite to the brain : 

 as in the Vertebrata the ear is towards the back of tlie head, they 

 have supposed that it denoted the nape of the neck ; but the ear 

 in the Vertebrata is not only at the back of the head, it is also under 

 that part, under the brain: in the cuttle-fish it is tiiesan)c, because 

 that part of the ring is the lower; only the two ears, instead of 

 resting simply on the sides of the oesophagus, descend lower down, 

 and embrace it on the lower side; but they are always underneath. 



Thus, in short, the Cephalopoda have a brain inclosed in a sepa- 

 rate cavity, eyes, ears in the form of two mandibles, a tongue, 

 salivary glands, an oesophagus, a gizzard, a second stomach, an 

 intestinal canal, a liver, branchiiE, hearts, arteries, veins, ui rves, 

 organs of the two sexes, ovaries, testicles, oviducts, epididymis, 

 penis, all things which are common to then) with certain Vertebrata; 

 but all these differently disposed; nearly always difi'eri ntly or- 

 ganized. 



At the same time they want all the bones of the cranium, all those 

 of the face, true jaws, all the bones of the Hyoidian apparatus, and 

 of the branchial apparatus ; all the vertebra?, all the bones of the 

 extremities, the sides of the sternum, the muscles atta(hcd to ail 

 these parts, the spinal marrow, all tlif nerves which spring from it, 

 the pancreas, the kidneys, and the bladder. 



At the same time, too, they have many parts, of which there is 

 no trace in vertebrated animals; a muscular apparatus quite differ- 

 ent and adnpted to a form so extraordinary; frequently a shell, of a 

 structure truly remarkable, and of which no v( rtebrated animal pre- 

 sents the slightest vestige; an ex(rementitial organ which produces 

 that black liquor knov^n under the name of cHcrc cle seiche or sepia; 

 a spongy or glandulous apj)aratus, which communicates directly 

 with their veins by a multitude of orifices. 



'l"he tentacula themselves, which it has been wished to compare 

 to the cirrhi of fish, neither resc-mble them in organization nor in 

 their connections, 'i'heir complication is prodigious: nerves en. 

 larged from space to space into numerous (ganglions, furnish innu- 

 merable threads; very distinct vessels, divided also into innumerable 

 branches, pass through them and animate them; suckers ot an admi- 

 rable structure supply them with an armour of an unique kind : 

 lastly, the principal cirrhus of fishes is but a prolongation of their 

 maxillary bone, while the tentacula of the CeplKdopoda are not even 

 attached to the beak, which, without absolutely representing the 

 jaws, nevertheless performs their functions. 



*' I ask," says M. Cuvier, " how, with these numerous, these vast 

 N.S. Vol. 7. No. 41. Maij 1830. 3 D d''l'i-'r- 



