THE 



PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 



OR 



ANNALS 



OF 



CHEMISTRY, MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, 



NATURAL HISTORY, AND 



GENERAL SCIENCE. 



BY 



RICHARD TAYLOR, 



Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Linnasan, Geological, 



Royal Astronomical, Royal Asiatic, and Royal Geographical Societies ; 



Hon. Memb. of the Nat. Hist. Society of Moscow ; 



AND 



RICHARD PHILLIPS, 



Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, of the 

 Geological Society of London, &c. &c. 



" Nee aranearum sane textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignunt, nee noster 

 vilior quia ex alienis libamus ut apes." Just. Lips. Monit. Polit. lib. i. cap. 1. 



VOL. XL 



NEW AND UNITED SERIES OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE 

 AND ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY. 



JANUARY-JUNE, 1832. 



LONDON: 



I'RINTEU BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, ILEET STREET, 

 Printer lo the Universili/ of London. 



SOI.l) BY LONGMAN, BEES, OUMK, BROWN, AND GKEEN; CAUliLI, ; BALDWIN 



AND CIIADOCK; SHERWOOD, GILBERT, AND PIPER; SIMPKIN 



AND MARSHALL; AND S. lUGHLEY, LONDON:— BY ADAM 



lir,A( K, EDINBURGH; SMITH AND SON, GI.ASIiOW ; 



IIODGI.^ AND M'ARTHIIK, DtlllLIN; 



AND G. G. BENNIS, PAIll>. 



