THE 



PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 



OR 



ANNALS 



OF 



CHEMISTRY, MATHEMATICS, ASTRONOMY, 



NATURAL HISTORY, AND 



GENERAL SCIENCE. 



BY 



RICHARD TAYLOR, 



Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and of the Linnsean, Geological, 



Royal Astronomical, Royal Asiatic, and Royal Geographical Societies ; 



Hon. Memb. of the Nat. Hist. Society of Moscow ; 



AND 



RICHARD PHILLIPS, 



Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, of the 

 Geological Society of London, &c. &c. 



" Nee aranearum sane textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignunt, nee noster 

 vilior quia ex alienis libamus ut apes." Just. Lips. Monit. Polit. lib. i. cap. 1. 



VOL. X. 



NEW AND UNITED SERIES OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE 



AND ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY. 



JULY— DECEMBER, 1831. 



LONDON^ 





nilNTED BY niCHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, 

 Printer to the Univcrsih; of LondoH. 



SOI.U BY LONGMAN, KEFS, OUMK, nnoWN, AND GUEliN; rADEI.I, ; HALDWIN 



ANI) CnADOCK; SIIKIIWOOI), OII.HE11T, AND riPKIl; SIMI'KIN 



ANU MARSIIAI,!.; ANJ) S. HICHt.EY, f.ONDON : )1Y ADAM 



ni.AiK, KDiNDuni'.ii ; smith and son, gi.asoow ; iiod<-.i:s 



ANU M'AIITHUK, DIIDI.IN; ANI) G. G. BliNNIR, 

 I'AHIS, 



