48 



en une sciile espece." In spite of the apparent resemblance 

 to the European Anchovy, this South African form, as will be 

 shown later on, appears to be a different species, which I have 

 named Engraulis cafensis. 



In 1900, young specimens of an Anchovy were found in 

 some experimental netting in the Zwartkops River, and were 

 described as a new species, Engraulis holodon, by Boulenger 

 {Mar. Inv. hi South Africa, Vol. I., p. 12). Those he took to 

 be probably the fish referred to by Pappe and Castelnau, and 

 pointed out that they were not the European species as these 

 authors had supposed. He says: "The 'Ansjovis' of the 

 Cape fishermen has hitherto been referred to E. encrasicholus, 

 without having been compared with European specimens. 

 These, as well as the Australian and Neo-zelandian E. antipodum 

 differ in the narrower and shorter maxillary, the toothless 

 mandible, and the dorsal fin entirely in advance of the anal." 



In 1906 a new species of Herring {Clupea durbancnsis) was 

 •described by Regan from the Coast of Natal (Ann. Nat. Gov. 

 Museum, ^'ol. I, part I, p. 4). 



In igo8 two new species were added to the South African 

 Clupeidae by Gilchrist and Thompson, viz. : — Engraulis 

 vitrirostus and Pellona {Ilisha) natalensis (Ann. S. Afr. ]\Iuseum, 

 Vol. VI., part 3, p. 201) from the Coast of Natal. 



In 1909 the same authors recorded and described another 

 seven members of the family, also from the East Coast, viz : 

 Engraulis setirostis, Brouss, Etrumeus inicropus, Schleg , Clupea 

 sagax, Jenyns, Albula conorhynchus, Bl.et Schn., (.4. viilpes L), 

 Ehpss saurus L., Megalops cyprinoides, Brouss, and Chanos 

 salmoneus, Forst. 



The family Clupeidce has been defined as fish with the 

 margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and the 

 maxillaries. Body scaly ; head, naked ; abdomen, usually 

 Iceeled ; short dorsal fin ; no adipose fin ; respiratory mechanism 

 well developed, the gill openings being usually wide, opercular 

 pieces complete and pseudobranchi?e usually well developed. 

 This definition includes a variety of groups which later authors 

 have found it desirable to divide up into a number of distinct 

 families. It includes the following South African forms : (i) 

 Elops saurus, (2) Megalops cyprinoides, (3) Albula conorhynchus, 

 .(4) Chanos salmoneus, (5) Etrumeus micropus, (6) Spratteloides 

 astuarius, (7) Clupea durbanensis, (8) Clupea sagax, (9) 

 Engraulis holodon, (10) Engraulis capensis, representing 

 the families of the Elopidce (i) and (2), Albulidce (3), 

 Chanidce (4), Clupeidce (5-8), Engraulidce (9) and (10), as 

 in the following table : — 



