APPENDIX TO PART THIRD DIVISION II. 185 



an active inspection on their coast and its vicinity, and to adopt all 

 necessary measures for shutting off access to their territory to those 

 whom they may refuse to receive, where they do not conform to estab- 

 lished regulations. It is a natural consequence of the general principle, 

 that whatever anyone shall have done in behalf of his self-defense he 

 will be taken to have done rightly. 



" Every nation is thus free to establish an inspection and a police over 

 its coasts as it pleases, at least where it has not bound itself by treaties. 

 It can, according to the particular conditions of the coasts and waters, 

 fix the distance correspondingly. A common usage has established a 

 cannon shot as the distance which it is not permitted to overleap, except 

 in the exceptional case, a line which has not alone received the ap- 

 proval of (Irotius, Bynkershok, Galiana, arid Kluber, but has been 

 confirmed likewise by the laws and treaties of many of the nations. 



"Nevertheless we can maintain further with Vattel that the domin- 

 ion of the state over the neighboring sea extends as far as it is neces- 

 sary to insure its safety, and as far as it can make its power respected. 

 And we can further regard with llayneval the distance of the horizon 

 which can be fixed upon the coast as the extreme limit of the measure 

 of surveillance. The line of the cannon shot, which is generally 

 regarded as of common right, presents no invariable base, and the line 

 can he fixed by the laws of each state at least in a provisional way." 

 (Heffter, Int. Law, Sees. 74-75.) 



Bluntschli says: (Int. Law, Book iv, sec. 322). 



" The jurisdiction of the neighboring sea does not extend further than 

 the limit judged necessary by the police and the military authorities." 



And section 342 : 



"Whenever the crew of a ship has committed a crime upon land, or 

 within water included in the territory of another state and is pursued 

 by judicial authorities of such state, the pursuit of the vessel may be 

 continued beyond the waters which are a part of the territory, and even 

 into the open sea." 



And in a note he says: 



"This extension is necessary to insure the efficiency of penal justice. 

 It ends with the pursuit." 



Carnazza-Amari (Int. Law, sec. 2, chap. 7, page 60), after citing from 

 M. Calvo the passage quoted above, says: 



"Nevertheless states have a right to exact that their security should 

 not be jeopardized by an easy access of foreign vessels menacing their 

 territory ; they may see to the collection of duties indispensable to their 

 existence, which are levied upon the national and foreign produce, and 

 which maritime contraband would doubtless lessen if it should not be 

 suppressed. From all these points of view it is necessary to grant to 

 each nation the right of inspection over the sea which washes its coasts, 

 within the limits required for its security, its tranquillity, and the pro- 

 tection of its wealth. * * * States are obliged, in the interest of 

 their defense and their existence, to subject to their authority the sea 

 bordering the coast as far as they are able, or as far as there is need, 

 to maintain their dominion by force of arms. * * * 



