630 CITATIONS FROM WRITINGS OF JURISTS AND ECONOMISTS. 



given place, or firmly connected with the land. The first category 

 embraces, for instance, such wild animals and plants as serve some 

 useful purpose. Minerals. . . 



And again, vol. I, Bk. I. ch. v, p. 235, sec. 77, he says: 



As hnman labour can attain its full development only on the suppo- 

 sition that personal freedom is allowed to develop to its foil economic 

 importance and dimensions. So capital can develop its full produc- 

 tive power only on the supposition of the existence of the freedom of 

 personal property. Who would save anything, that is, give up present 

 enjoyment, if he were not certain of future enjoyment? The legiti- 

 macy of private property has, since the time of Locke, been based by 

 the greater number of political economists on the right inherent in 

 every workman either to consume or to save the products of his labour. 



And again, Bk. I, ch. v, sec. 83, p. 253 et seq. 



Experience, however, teaches us that in all the lower stages of civili- 

 zation a community of goods exists to a greater or lesser extent. The 

 institution of private property has been more fully evolved out of this 

 condition of things only in proportion as well-being and culture have 

 been developed as cause and effect of such well being. Thus, among 

 most nations of hunters and fishermen, the idea of private property 

 was unknown when these nations were first discovered. 



Page 263, vol. I, sec 87. 



But a certain expenditure of capital and labour is necessary that land 

 may be used productively, and in most instances this employment of 

 capital and labour is of long duration, irrevocable in the very nature 

 of things, and one tin; fruits of which can be reaped only after some 

 time has elapsed. Now this cooperation of capital and labour is such, 

 that no one would undertake to employ them in the cultivation of the 

 land had he not the strongest assurance of possessing it. Hence agri- 

 culture in its most rudimentary stage supposes ownership of the land, 

 at least from the time that it is "tickled with the hoe 1 ' until "it smiles 

 with the harvest" ... the more, afterwards population and civilization 

 increase, the more products must be wrung from the soil. But this can 

 be accomplished only by means of its more intensive cultivation, by 

 lavishing a greater amount of capital ami labour on it, and as a rule 

 by extending the circle of agricultural operations by means of combi- 

 nations more and more artificial. Hence the progress of civilization 

 demands an ever increasing fixity and a more pronounced shaping of 

 landed property. 



L. 15. Hautkfeuille, The Rights and Duties of neutral Nations in time 

 of maritime War. Vol. I, p. 17(i, ed. 1848. 



When men had become more numerous, families developed into colo- 

 nies and into tribes, new needs grew out of their industry and that 

 tendency to well being and improvement — distinctive characteristics of 

 the Master of Nature. Thus the right of property expanded. It was 

 applied at first to movable objects, such as weapons for the chase, 

 utensils necessary for the preparation of foods, etc., which were no 

 doubt the first objects subject to this right. The progress of the human 

 race drew after it the development of the right of property; which 

 from simple and indispensable utensils extended even over the soil 

 itself. 



