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tish leave the fresli-water alive. There is a substantial 

 ])asis for this view in the long rivers, and it is doubtless 

 true that a journey of 500 miles or more is followed by the 

 death of all the salmon concerned in it. 



The nest is a very simx)le affair, or it may be wanting. 

 The humpback struggles and crowds up a few rods from 

 the sea, and deposits its eggs between crevices in the 

 boulders covering the bottom, or sometimes they are 

 strewn in thin layers over a large area in shallow water 

 without covering of any kind. The king-salmon seeks 

 the head- waters of streams, and excavates a nest in clear, 

 shallow, gravelly rapids. The dog-salmon spawns in small 

 rivers and creeks. 



The silver-salmon does not usually ascend streams to a 

 great distance, and I have seen it return to salt-water alive, 

 after spawning. The nest is made among gravel and stones, 

 from which all dirt and slime has been removed. Both 

 sexes take part in the building operation, and the male 

 especially guards the nest. Turner states that the silver- 

 salmon use their snouts in collecting material for the nests, 

 and he has seen them with the nose worn off completely. 



The red-salmon spawns around the shores of deep, cool 

 lakes, and in their tributaries, preferring waters whose 

 highest temperature rarely exceeds 55 degrees. The nest 

 is a shallow, circular pile of stones about as large as a 

 man's hand, and some of them smaller. The eggs are 

 X3laced in the crevices between the stones. 



The enemies of the salmon are numerous. Small fish, 

 called sculpins, or miller's thumbs, swarm in the nests, and 

 eat large quantities of the eggs. Trout devour great num 

 bers of eggs and young salmon. Gulls, terns, loons, and 

 other birds gorge themselves with the tender fry. When 

 the young approach the sea they must run a cruel gauntlet 

 of flounders, sculpins, and trout ; and in the ocean a larger 

 and greedier horde confronts them. There the adults are 



