44 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 



ing in size and shape, were found together, suggesting a " male " and 

 a " female." 



The principal facts learned in the excavations of the season may he 

 summarized as follows : 



Up to the advent of the white man and for many centuries previously 

 Kodiak Island must have been one of the largest, if not the largest, 

 centers of the native populations of Alaska. There is definite evidence 

 of two distinct populations on the island, an earlier one of long dura- 

 tion, and a later one of apparently not more than the last two or three 

 centuries. The earlier and the later people were of similar moderate 

 to medium stature, but differed much in the shape of head. Both 

 types — the earlier with oblong, the later with rounded heads — although 

 somewhat Eskimoid, approach also the Indian. There was noted but 

 little if any mixture of the two types, and there appear to be no sur- 

 vivors of the earlier type on the island. 



The newer people, though introducing some new cultural elements, 

 had evidently taken over to a large extent the culture and perhaps 

 even many of the actual tools of the older stock. The old culture was 

 richer than and artistically superior to that of the late. It is devoid of 

 pottery. Pottery is also absent in the upper, later, deposits, except in 

 the southwestern part of the island, where somewhat crude large clay 

 jars were fairly common. Contacts of the upper people with those of 

 the Alaska Peninsula and those of Cooks Inlet are indicated by some 

 of the finds and are otherwise corroborated. 



Cannibalism, according to many indications, was practiced ex- 

 tensively by the earlier people. Adults of both sexes and many children 

 were consumed. Evidences of death by violence are common. 



The earlier population vanished in an unknown manner. It may 

 have been through epidemics, or wholesale massacres, or emigration, 

 or all these combined. So far, evidence is lacking on this point. 



The survey of the coasts, first those of the extensive Uyak Bay with 

 its side issues and then those of the whole island, resulted in the loca- 

 tion of scores of old sites hitherto unknown to science and covering 

 from a half acre to over 30 acres of ground. A particularly interest- 

 ing line of old sites consists of refuges or fortresses on isolated and 

 almost inaccessible rocky islands. There are at least a dozen other large 

 sites along the coasts which show deep accumulations, are easily ap- 

 proachable, and offer promising chances for exploration. 



The quest for surviving fullbloods resulted in the finding of nine 

 males, eight of whom were measured and photographed. They all 

 showed the late "Aleut " type and call themselves Aleut. 



