92 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 



were widowed. It is clear enough that Kiowa sociology, by and large, 

 is too close to that of other Indian tribes of the Great Plains to have 

 arisen independently. 



The work among the Cheyenne was to gain an insight into their 

 mythology, and to a less extent their sociology and linguistics. I was 

 fortunate enough to have as my assistant Mack Haag, who had been 

 so useful in previous years. It should be noted that the military 

 societies of the Cheyenne are ungraded, to that extent resembling those 

 of the Dakota, rather than those of the Arapaho. Yet historically the 

 Cheyenne have been long and intimately associated with the Arapaho. 

 The divergent Algonquian character of the Cheyenne language is due 

 primarily to the operation of a very complex character of phonetic 

 shifts which are of wide application. The remarkable " high tone " of 

 some syllables is not an archaism as some might suspect ; it is due 

 entirely to the mechanical sound-shifts alluded to above. 



Among the Arapaho linguistics and sociology were prime objects 

 of investigation. I again obtained the services of Rowlodge, who re- 

 corded the personal narrative of a Southern Arapaho woman aged 

 78. Upon examination it appears that very little of this is purely per- 

 sonal. The tribal pattern is obvious everywhere ; and with few changes 

 it might have been the narrative of any elderly Arapaho woman. 



In July, I went among the Foxes of Iowa to obtain new sociological 

 and ceremonial data. Of course any present-day study of Fox society 

 must always labor under two handicaps : ( I ) the Foxes, except for 

 the fight with the Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho in 1854, 

 have been uniformly peaceful for a hundred years ; Fox history shows 

 that they were a proud, formidable fighting nation, whereas it is im- 

 possible now for anyone to win military honors, have scalp-dances, etc. ; 

 (2) deer and buffaloes no longer exist in Iowa and the economic life 

 of the Foxes is thereby altered. Hence it follows that the chief former 

 occupations of Fox men — war and the chase — are gone, and they have 

 had to find modern substitutes for them. Alas! there is nothing that 

 can replace the former military glory. Furthermore, owing to the 

 fearful losses by disease, especially small-pox, cholera, and in recent 

 years influenza, the whole scheme of exogamy of gentes has gone. The 

 festivals appurtenant to the special gentes, however, have survived 

 with great vigor. The system of consanguinity has remained intact, 

 and for the most part the varying attitudes this implies ; though it is 

 true that the taboos among the younger generation have partially 

 begun to break down, and they now pronounce personal names which 

 they should not in given circumstances. Truly remarkable has been the 

 change in this people from the time I first visited them in ion to the 

 present time. 



