NEANDERTHAL MAN 
locality, in company with Doctor Fuhlrott, and made a 
sketch thereof. 
Following the early notices concerning the Neanderthal 
cranium and before other specimens of similar nature, 
such as those of Spy and Gibraltar, became known, an 
extensive controversy arose as to the real significance of 
the find. Virchow, and after him others, were at first 
inclined to look upon the skull as pathological; to Barnard 
Davis its sutures appeared to show premature synostosis; 
while Blake and his followers regarded the specimen as 
probably proceeding from an idiot. But there were also 
those, such as Schaaffhausen, Broca, and others, who 
from the beginning saw in the cranium (the other bones 
received at first but little attention) not a pathological or 
accidental monstrosity, but a peculiar, theretofore un- 
known type of ancient humanity. From time to time new 
examples of this same early type appeared in different 
parts of Europe, under circumstances which steadily 
strengthened the claim of the whole class to geological 
antiquity. Finally, after a thorough comparative study 
of the Neanderthal remains had been carried out by 
modern methods and in the light of new knowledge, the 
cranium and bones were definitely recognized as repre- 
senting in a normal and characteristic way a most inter- 
esting earlier phase or variety of mankind, our Mid-Quater- 
nary predecessor or close relative, Homo neanderthalensis. 
The credit for deserving work in this field is due especially 
to Prof. G. Schwalbe, of Strassburg, whose numerous 
publications on the early forms of human remains in 
Europe are well known to every anthropologist. 
The remains of the Neanderthal skeleton are preserved 
in the Provincial Museum at Bonn, where, through the 
courtesy of the director, Prof. Hans Lehner, Doctor 
Hrdli¢ka was enabled to examine the originals and later 
have them photographed. For the explanation of the terms 
used in the description of this and other skulls, the reader 1s 
referred to the diagram of the human skull (Fig. 17). 
[85] 
