MAN FROM THE FARTHEST PAST 
like that in man of today; the occiput, however, is marked 
by a relatively high situation of the crest and other 
peculiarities. The outline of the vault, as looked at from 
above, is a long ovoid. The thickness of the frontal bone 
at the eminences is 8.5 mm.; of the left parietal, along a 
line 1 cm. above the squamous suture, 6 to8 mm. These 
measurements are about one-third greater than those of 
the skull of an average modern European. 
The lowness of the skull vault is very marked. In 
modern crania the vault is almost invariably much higher. 
Neanderthal skull measurements gave a height, accord- 
ing to Schwalbe, of 8.05 cm. with “‘calotte-index”’ of 40.4. 
In contrast thereto, 107 recent adult human skulls, of 
various derivation, gave heights of from 8.40 to 11.70 cm. 
and indices from 52 to 68. The cephalic index is 78.5, 
almost exactly medium between long and short heads of 
modern times. 
The internal capacity of the skull has been estimated 
by Schaaffhausen at 1,033 c.c., by Huxley at 1,230 c.c., 
and by Schwalbe at 1,234 c.c. 
The brain which filled the skull was lower and narrower 
and slightly more pointed than the human brain of today, 
approaching in these features more nearly the anthropoid 
form. The right frontal lobe was slightly larger and 
longer than the left, and the whole right hemisphere was 
slightly longer than that of the opposite side. In modern 
man it is generally the left hemisphere which is the longer, 
but this exception in the Neanderthal man is not neces- 
sarily of any special significance. 
The long bones and others of the skeleton, so far as 
preserved, show many features of anthropological in- 
feriority, demonstrating plainly that not merely the skull, 
but the whole body of Neanderthal man occupied a 
somewhat lower evolutionary stage than that of any 
normal human being of historic times. Yet there is 
much, also, that connects the type closely with later 
and present-day man. 
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