NEANDERTHAL MAN 
considerably mineralized and heavier than normal. .The 
stony matrix has been so far removed that such important 
determinations and measurements as the defective state 
of the bones permit may now be made. Fortunately the 
facial region, the frontal bone, and most of the right side 
of the skull, including the back, are relatively well pre- 
served; the top of the vault, on the other hand, shows a 
large defect, and the left parietal, temporal, and sphenoid 
parts, together with much of the base, are lost. With all 
these defects, a sufficient number of parts remain to per- 
mit of valuable determinations on the skull and infer- 
ences as to the brain, and also a fairly correct recon- 
struction. 
The aspect of the face is semihuman, apish. The mid- 
portion, from the glabella downward, protrudes more 
than in normal skulls, as a result of which the planes of 
the orbits, as well as the planes of the malars, slope more 
outward and backward than they do in modern crania. 
Other very striking features of the face are: The relatively 
(for a female) huge supraorbital arch; the very large orbits; 
the stoutness of the medial process of the frontal bone; 
the complete absence of the supraorbital (canine) fossae; 
the broad nose; and the dental arch with long teeth. The 
supraorbital arch does not greatly protrude as it does in 
the male Neanderthal skulls; nevertheless it represents a 
true and rather huge torus, such as is wholly unknown in 
recent crania. A remarkable feature which gives the face 
its characteristic appearance is the fullness, to mild 
convexity, of the suborbital (canine) fossae and of the 
nasal processes of the maxilla. All these parts look as if 
inflated from behind. 
The teeth, though considerably worn off, appear very 
long. A very interesting condition is the absence of the 
two median incisors. As there is no sign of decay, and 
as the alveolar process shows a characteristic absorption 
notch at this place, it would seem that the two teeth 
must have been lost long before the death of the indi- 
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