NEANDERTHAL MAN 
sive muscular development. Some individuals were very 
perceptibly weaker than others. As to form, particularly 
in the upper extremities, the bones in general are per- 
ceptibly more modern in type than those of the Neander- 
thal or Spy man; nevertheless they present, as is well 
shown by Gorjanovic-Kramberger, numerous and im- 
portant primitive features. 
The fragments of the skulls show that the bones of the 
vault were somewhat thicker than they are in the white 
man of today. The crania were of good size externally, 
but the brain cavities were probably below the present 
average. The vault of the skull was of good length and 
at the same time fairly broad, so that the cephalic index, 
at least in some of the individuals, was more elevated than 
usual in the crania of early man. They were also char- 
acterized, like the Neanderthal and other crania of the 
Mousterian epoch, by relative lowness of the vault, and 
in every instance among the adults by a pronounced, com- 
plete supraorbital arch. The last-named feature, though 
less marked, is plainly distinguishable even in the children. 
Its invariable presence 1s a definite proof of the fact, not 
quite well established before, that this arch was, up to a 
certain stage of the Quaternary period, a regular char- 
acteristic of the early men of a large part of Europe. 
The lower jaws in particular are very interesting. The 
symphysis or fore part of these bones, while in some 
possessing already a faint trace of the future chin emi- 
nence, slopes invariably more or less downward and back- 
ward, thus approaching the form of the mandible in apes. 
The mandibles are massive and in males high. Except 
in this height, they are akin to the lower Jaws of the La 
Quina and La Chapelle skulls, and represent decidedly 
more primitive forms than the mandibles of any man 
of historic times, though they are rather nearer to the 
modern type than is the jaw of Mauer. 
The teeth of the Krapina man offer numerous peculli- 
arities, most of which point to a lower stage of differentia- 
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