NEANDERTHAL MAN 
“Galilee Cave,” and in this cave at a depth of 6% feet 
toward the lower limit of a Paleolithic horizon, were found 
parts of a Neanderthaloid human skull. The main details 
of the discovery, since published, are as follows: 
Entering the ravine of the Wadi el ’Amud and walking some 150 m. 
up stream, a cave known as the Mugharet-el-Zuttiyeh is to be seen 
high up in the cliffs to the north of the stream. The stream at this 
point is not more than 3 m. wide, and the width of the ravine from 
base to base of the cliffs might be estimated at about 15 m. The 
cave, a natural limestone formation, is situated at the base of a pre- 
cipitous wall of rock, facing south-west; the cliff, which rises to a 
height of some 20 m. above the entrance, renders it inaccessible from 
the plateau above; while from below, the cave, the modern floor of 
which lies some 40 m. above the level of the stream, is approached 
by a steep, rocky slope... . 
No flint implements, or other evidences of habitation, were to be 
seen either on the floor of the cave or on the slope which led up to it, 
but its size and convenience as a place of habitation, together with 
the impregnability of its situation, seemed to merit the digging of a 
trial trench through the débris which had accumulated during gen- 
erations of use as a stabling for goats. 
A preliminary trench was dug from the mouth of the cave inwards 
to the back wall, running some 2.5 m. north-west of the medial line 
of the cave. For the first 120 cm. the deposits were of comparatively 
recent origin, yielding fragments of bone and potsherds, among which 
Late Roman and Byzantine types predominated, but at a depth of 
120 cm., towards the front of the cave, a layer was reached composed 
of large blocks of rock apparently fallen from the roof, and from 
below these blocks some fragments of bone in a highly mineralized 
state were obtained; also a small coup-de-poing of Middle Paleolithic 
type and a few chert flakes of indeterminable form. ° 
The deposits of the cave showed eventually a number 
of distinguishable layers. The layers of approximately 
the upper four feet showed that the cave had served latest 
of all as a sheep stable; below this and up to about 3% 
feet in depth were signs of human occupation extending 
to the Early Bronze or Neolithic Period. At a depth of 
about 3% feet a layer of fallen rock was found over the 
central area of the cave. 
(237i 
