NEANDERTHAL MAN 
deposits below the Paleolithic layer showed no earlier 
traces of occupation, human or animal. 
The fauna recovered from the Paleolithic layer, as de- 
termined by Miss Bate, was in the main as follows: 
Hippopotamus Leopard (?) 
Bison or ox Wild Cat (?) 
Horse Lynx 
Brown bear (?) Porcupine 
Striped hyena (?) Deer 
Spotted hyena Fallow deer 
Pig Gazelle (2 kinds) 
Fox Extinct goat (2 kinds) 
The stone implements, of flint and chert, show essen- 
tially Mousterian affinities. There are also, however, 
some short and some long blades and a few other imple- 
ments that resemble somewhat later types. 
One of the most interesting facts disclosed by the study of the 
animal remains from the Emireh and Zuttiyeh Caves is the definite 
association of Hippopotamus with a Middle Palaeolithic culture, and 
the probable association of Rhinoceros hemitoechus with a slightly later 
culture. This seems to point to the fact that there has not been any 
great faunal change in this region between the Mousterian and the 
following period. The fact that this rhinoceros is R. hemitoechus and 
that this species also occurs in Syria is highly important, emphasizing 
the absence of evidence of a so-called cold fauna. 
Below the Middle Palaeolithic occupation layers of the Zuttiyeh 
Cave “African” types are represented by the spotted hyaena (/. 
crocuta) and perhaps by a river hog (Potamochoerus); these were as- 
sociated with a large form of brown bear (Ursus arctos), a typically 
Palaearctic animal. 
There can be no doubt that the Galilee skull belongs to 
the Neanderthal group; but many points, including the 
accompanying industry as well as fauna, indicate that it 
belongs probably well forward in this group. Morpho- 
logically, the shape of the forehead, the height of the vault, 
the size and form of the orbits, and other characteristics, 
as well as the general features of the brain, point toward 
later man, while there is still enough to connect the speci- 
men with the far past (Plate 41). 
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