THE MOST ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN 
cle-markings are such as might be expected, and it was found in the 
gravel near the skull. The probabilities are therefore in favor of its 
natural association. If so, it is reasonable to suppose that the skull 
will prove to be that of a very primitive type, not that of a highly 
civilized man. 
No other such jaw or anything even approaching it has 
ever been found with such a skull. The two at first sight 
do not belong to the same being or even the same species. 
In other early remains, especially one of the Spy skulls, 
in the La Quina and La Ferrassie specimens, it was the 
jaw rather than the skull that showed a form advancing 
toward the modern. While the probabilities of the 
discovery itself seem overwhelmingly in favor of an 
organic association of the skull with the jaw, the 
morphological features of the specimen, on the other hand, 
are all against it. 
Doctor Hrdlicka sums up his own views on the primi- 
tive mandible in the following words: 
The first strong impression which the specimen conveys 
is that of normality, shapeliness, and relative gracility of 
build rather than massiveness. When, after studying the 
specimen for a good part of two days, the observer took 
in hand the thick Piltdown skull, there was a strong feeling 
of incongruity and lack of relationship, and this feeling 
only grew on further study. As a rule there exists a 
marked correlation between the massivity of the skull— 
particularly if as in this case the upper facial parts were 
involved in the same—and the lower jaw. A finely 
chiseled mandible of medium or submedium strength 
belongs as a rule to a skull that is characterized in the 
same way, and vice versa. To connect the shapely, 
wholly normal Piltdown jaw with the gross, heavy Pilt- 
down skull in the same individual, seems very difficult. 
After prolonged handling of both the jaw and the skull 
there remained in the writer a strong impression that the 
two may not belong together, or that if they do the case 
is totally exceptional. 
[ 139 ] 
