THE MOST ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN 
zygomatic arches, thick skull, probably heavy brows, and 
possibly not yet quite erect posture, had nevertheless 
already crossed the line dividing man from the ape. His 
food and probably his mode of life were related to those of 
primitive man, and he was already far removed from his 
primate ancestors with huge canine teeth resembling tusks, 
like those of the gorilla. 
PITHECANTHROPUS 
This celebrated discovery was made by Dr. Eugene 
Dubois, distinguished as anatomist, paleontologist, and 
prehistorian. At his own request Doctor Dubois was 
appointed to the Dutch military service in Java, in order 
that he might find some opportunity to search for pre- 
historic human remains in the East Indies. He arrived 
in Java in April, 1889, and carried on his researches, by 
permission of the Colonial Government, until 1895. Pale- 
ontological work was not new in Java and had already 
led to the discovery of Pliocene and Pleistocene strata rich 
in fossil plant and animal remains along the Solo or 
Bengawan River and its tributaries. 
In his report of 1898, Doctor Dubois describes the cir- 
cumstances of his discovery in part as follows: 
By order of the Netherlands Indian Government I conducted in 
Java, from 1890 to 1895, explorations for a fossil vertebrate fauna, 
of which already some remains had been discovered, many years ago, 
by Junghuhn and others, and later extensively described by Professor 
K. Martin, of Leiden. I found a very large quantity of remains of 
mammals and reptiles, for the most part derived from extinct species, 
which show, as might be expected, an unmistakable relation to the 
later Tertiary and Pleistocene faunae of India. 
The chief localities of these finds are in the southern slope of a range 
of low hills, the Kendengs, which extend between the residencies of 
Kediri, Madiun, and Surakarta on one side, and of Rembang and 
Samarang on the other, over a distance of about sixty miles. The 
area in which these vertebrate remains are abundantly found, in many 
places, may have on an average a breadth of from one to three miles. 
. . . It can be said, in accordance with geological circumstances, 
and the relations which this fauna has with the Post-Tertiary and 
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