MAN FROM THE FARTHEST PAST 
Pleistocene vertebrate faunae of India, that most probably it is young 
Pliocene; in no case, however, can it be younger than the oldest Pleisto- 
cene. For, whilst on the one hand the species surely belong almost 
exclusively to living genera—only the genus Leptobos and the sub- 
genera Stegodon and Hexaprotodon are extinct—and it must therefore 
be younger than the principal part of the Upper Miocene or Lower 
Pliocene Siwalik fauna, including not a few extinct genera; on the 
other hand, the number of the extinct species seems to be in propor- 
tion somewhat greater than that of the Narbada fauna, which is put 
in the early Pleistocene. Further, the inclination which the strata show 
does not well agree with a Pleistocene age. . . . 
From Trinil to Ngawi the steep banks of the Bengawan or Solo 
river, for an extent of seven and a half miles, consist exclusively of 
volcanic sands and lapilli, cemented into soft rocks, very much like 
the rocks which I saw in the Siwalik hills. The strata have in this area 
a general dip S. of about 5°, and are only concealed by a thin covering 
of vegetable soil. In these strata the Solo river has cut its channel, 
12 to 15 metres deep, near Trinil. North and west of Trinil the Plio- 
cene marl and limestone appear under them. 
It was near Trinil, in the left bank of the river, at the foot of the 
Kendengs, that I came, in August, 1891, upon a place particularly 
rich in fossil bones, and found there, in that and the following year, 
among a great number of remains of other vertebrates, bones and 
teeth of a great manlike mammal, which I have named Pithecanthropus 
erectus, considering it as a link connecting together Apes and Man. 
Among hundreds of other skeletal remains, in the lapilli bed on the 
left bank of the river, the third molar tooth was first found in Sep- 
tember; then, the hole having been enlarged, the cranium a month 
later, at about one metre distant from the former, but in the very 
same level of that bed. The species of mammals, of which remains 
were found in the same bed, are, for the greater part at least, extinct 
ones, and almost certainly none of them are at present living in Java. 
Among these remains we find a great number of the . . . small species 
of Cervus, which certainly is not extant in the Malayan isles. Also 
many bones of Stegodon were found. One or two Bubalus species 
seem to be identical with Siwalik species; a Boselaphus undoubtedly 
differs from the known species, living and fossil; further on there were 
found the extinct genus Leptobos, the genera Rhinoceros, Sus, Felts, 
Hyaena, and others; a Garial and a Crocodile, differing little from the 
existing species in India, but which cannot be classed among them. 
Of the animals found in the same strata in other places, the most 
interesting species are a gigantic Pangolin (Mamis), three times as 
large as the existing Javanese species, and a Hippopotamus belonging 
to an extinct Siwalik subgenus. Further a Tapir and an Elephas. 
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