THE MOST ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN 
just where we could class a being with such an apelike 
skullcap but within it such a near-human brain, if he ap- 
peared in life today? Witness the able discoverer alone, 
who moreover has had the originals at hand now for thirty- 
six years. First they represent for him a great chimpanzee; 
then a human precursor and direct ancestor; and then 
they are of an intermediary but not human ancestral form. 
The brain form of Pithecanthropus, which, due to the 
filling of the skull cavity with a hard mass, did not become 
available until three years ago, is exceedingly important. 
Its size and form and gyration appear to remove it at 
once from the brains of all known apes and bring it cor- 
respondingly close to that of man. It is inconsistent with 
and morphologically superior to its own skull. The female 
brain cavity measured in capacity at least goo c.c. A 
corresponding male brain cavity would measure some- 
where about 1,100 c.c. These dimensions connect already 
with the human (see Fig. 29). In my collections in the 
United States National Museum, I have thirty-two 
American Indian skulls, of small-statured but otherwise 
apparently normal individuals, ranging in capacity from 
glo to 1,020 c.c. In the largest gorilla this capacity does 
not exceed, so far as known, and mostly is well below, 
600 c.c.; and in the chimpanzee or orang-utan it never 
reaches even this proportion. The frontal lobes of the 
Java specimen, while still low, approach in their form the 
human, lacking the pointed keel-shaped appearance they 
have in all the apes; and the rest of the brain is of a 
higher type than that of the apes. Had this form advanced 
in size and shape of brain by as much again as it already 
stood above those of the known apes, it would be wholly 
impossible to exclude it from the human category, unless 
it was done by the establishment of a separate genus of 
creatures equivalent in brain mass and brain differentia- 
tion to Homo. 
With all this it would not be legitimate to assert that 
the Pithecanthropus was either a form of early man or one 
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