CHAPTER UX 
THE UNFOLDING OF MAN’S 
INTELLIGENCE 
WE can say with a fair degree of assurance that Cro- 
Magnon man appeared in Europe something like 25,000 
or 30,000 years ago. With not quite so much certainty we 
can assign the beginning of the Mousterian culture, so 
closely associated with Neanderthal man, to a period some- 
where around 50,000 years ago, more or less. But before 
that, we recall, there stretched away behind us, ever fur- 
ther back in the mists of the past, the Acheulian, the 
Chellean, the Pre-Chellean, and, earliest of all, the Eolithic 
or “Dawn Stone” Age. The last seems to have begun 
very far back in the Ice Age, or Pleistocene period, if not 
indeed earlier still, in the geological period known as the 
Pliocene. 
Dr. Albrecht Penck estimated that the Ice Age began 
somewhat more than half a million years ago. There is 
reason for believing that, long before that, man had de- 
veloped enough intelligence to employ sticks and stones in 
various ways, though without doing anything toward 
shaping them into more convenient forms. 
How long ago he began to do this, we can not say. But 
let us assume, for the sake of illustration, that it was a 
million years ago. At this figure, at least seventy or 
eighty per cent of man’s total existence as a tool-using 
creature had already gone by before he reached even the 
beginning of the Old Stone Age—the Pre-Chellean epoch. 
By the opening of the cave-dwelling epoch, when he took 
to living in grottoes, at the approach of the Wurm glacia- 
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