UNFOLDING OF MAN’S INTELLIGENCE 
for self-defense and the performance of various tasks. 
Some of the early races had brows that projected far 
over the eyes, especially among the old males, to whom 
they must have imparted a scowling and malignant ex- 
pression; others, however, almost if not entirely lacked 
this feature. Noses at first probably resembled those of 
babies today in flatness and shapelessness, while full and 
prominent lips such as characterize most modern races 
can hardly have developed very early. Among apes, true 
lips are almost, wholly lacking, so that the mouth consists 
of little more than a straight slit across the lower part of 
the face. In this respect, the white man of today differs 
widely from the gorilla, and the Negro even more so. In 
primitive man resemblance to the anthropoid apes must 
have been considerably greater than in any existing race. 
In the last chapter we saw that man, or perhaps his 
forerunner, had begun to develop a comparatively big 
brain very far back in his career. The famous Trinil 
skullcap, for example, indicates that the brain it once 
covered stood almost exactly halfway in size between 
that of the highest ape and the lowest human form of 
today. Piltdown man’s brain was larger still, following 
well within the human limit. Scientists long debated 
whether man acquired a nearly erect posture and conse- 
quent freer use of his hands before he developed a big 
brain, or whether increase in brain capacity preceded these 
other anatomical changes. But now there seems to be 
pretty general agreement that growth of intelligence came 
first, that the brain led the way in man’s development. 
The determining factor in man’s success was, of course, 
this growth of his brain. Physically he was less well fitted 
for the battle of existence than many other creatures. The 
wild bull far surpassed him in strength, as did the wild 
horse and various other animals which he in time domesti- 
cated and made his obedient servants. The lion, the tiger, 
and many other species which he has either exterminated 
or driven to take refuge in the depths of the wilderness, 
[ 169 ] 
