UNFOLDING OF MAN’S INTELLIGENCE 
man had no better means of solving them than had the 
lower animals. For ages he prowled about, naked and 
shaggy, depending for his food and his safety solely upon 
his own hands and teeth and muscles. But there came a 
time when his dawning intelligence suggested to him that 
he might make use of tools other than those with which 
nature had equipped him. The discovery that he could 
strike his enemy a heavier blow with a broken bough than 
with his unaided fist, or crack nuts and shellfish more 
easily with a pebble than with his own back teeth, or hurl 
Fic. 30. Eoliths from Cantal, France, of the Tertiary Period (preceding the Ice 
Age) showing how marginal chipping was done on one face only. At left, two 
views of a scraper; at right, two views of a spokeshave. After Verworn 
a stone and thus bring down small animals out of the reach 
of his arm, marked a great step in advance in his age-long 
struggle to master his environment. He had at last be- 
come a tool user. 
At first, of course, after learning this lesson, primitive 
man merely used such sticks and stones as came handy, 
throwing them away when the momentary need was over. 
But through long experience he discovered that certain 
forms were so much more useful than others as to be worth 
keeping and carrying about. Then he found that they 
could be still further improved by a little shaping and 
trimming. A club was easier to wield if twigs and irregu- 
lar projections were broken off; a straight, slender branch 
scraped down to a point made a fairly effective dart; a few 
chips knocked off the sides of a flint pebble gave it a 
rough edge with which raw meat could be cut up instead of 
being torn with hands and teeth. But how infinitely slow 
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