THE OLD STONE AGE 
still another stock, Pre-Chellean man appears to have 
wandered from northern Africa by way of the ancient 
land-bridges into western Europe. But traces of his pres- 
ence, in the shape of flint implements in the river gravels, 
occur so rarely that the population of the time must have 
been extremely sparse. Into central Europe the Pre- 
Fic. 37. Pointed types of eoliths, from southeastern England, made by man 
or his ancestor who lived 500,000 to 1,000,000 years ago, and probably used 
for boring or punching holes. After Harrison 
Chellean culture seems not to have penetrated at all, its 
place there being taken by a form known as pre-Mousterian. 
This may indicate that different races or even species of 
men inhabited the two regions; but of this there is so far 
no positive proof. 
The climate of Europe then, in marked contrast to that 
of the glacial stages, was in the main a genial one, even 
the winters being very mild. Hence both the vegetation 
and the animal life were rich and varied. In the forests 
and meadows and along the river banks ranged at least 
one form of now extinct elephant, if not two; the hippo- 
potamus; two species of ancient rhinoceros; a primitive 
horse; deer; wild cattle; hyenas; and apparently the saber- 
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