THE |OLD STONE’ AGE 
bracing. Great glaciers still covered what are now Norway 
and Sweden, as well as the Alps; but the plains in time 
became ice-free, and though the winters continued very 
severe, the summers had become mild, if not actually warm. 
The animal life changed little from that of Mousterian 
times, retaining its northern or arctic character, and in- 
cluding such forms as the hairy mammoth, the woolly 
rhinoceros, the reindeer, and the arctic fox. Among other 
species, more adapted for life on the open steppes, were the 
horse, the wild ass, and a gigantic form of rhinoceros with 
an enormous single horn situated, unlike that of any exist- 
ing type, on the forehead above the eyes. Forest- and 
meadow-loving animals included the brown bear, the wolf, 
the bison, the wild bull, the stag and the giant deer, some- 
times miscalled the “Irish elk.’’ The cave lion and the 
cave hyena were also present, as well as many other forms, 
some now extinct, while others still survive, in Europe or 
elsewhere. In time there also appeared the mountain 
sheep and the musk ox. 
The Aurignacians were cave dwellers, but cave dwellers 
of a type in every way superior to the lowly Mousterians 
whom they replaced. It is clear, however, that, as we saw 
in Chapter VI, the two races influenced each other to some 
extent. Very recent finds in East Africa have made this 
even more evident, for here, too, the Mousterian and the 
Aurignacian cultures have lately appeared; but instead of 
the former preceding the latter, as it does in Europe, both 
forms prove to have existed together during a very long 
period. In one case, indeed, a Mousterian deposit overlay 
an Aurignacian one and therefore actually came after it. 
Eventually the two cultures become fused into one. So 
far, lack of skeletal material prevents us from saying 
whether or not the African Mousterian and Aurignacian 
were the handiwork of different types of man, as they were 
in Europe. But the existing evidence points that way. 
These very recent African discoveries thus render it 
practically out of the question that the Aurignacian cul- 
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