MAN FROM THE FARTHEST PAST 
the New Stone Age, man had developed different craft 
to support himself on the water. The simple dugout canoe 
occurred almost the world over. In the far north and in 
treeless regions, men learned to make canoes by building 
frames of wood and then stretching over them skins of 
animals or birch bark. The inflated skins of oxen and 
goats have also been used in various ways as floats. 
Whatever the process of construction, however, the 
standard method of propulsion remained foe a long time 
an 
esa i 
; iii : iam ml mt it 
int, Hs 
i LF cy 
He Wie Wie 
ly i My n'lll( } iy i i ih Hien i si Hh 
a ae tit . ae oe iN Hl ie th ye 
cel im C 
i 
i) 
Ht 
mig 
Fic. 93° So-called “bull-boat” of the American Plains Indians, used for 
crossing streams; a similar type of craft occurs in Tibet. From specimen in 
the National Museum 
the same—a paddle wielded by a paddler sitting or stand- 
ing with his face to the front. In this way considerable 
speed might be attained, especially for short spurts; but 
it wasted energy, for the paddler could not apply his 
strength to the best advantage. 
[ 276 | 
