LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 
CuarK, Austin Hosart—Continued. 
The following new suborders are sug- 
gested: Comatulida Innatantes, Comatu- 
lida Oligophreata, Comatulida Macro- 
phreata. 
A new type of articulation, called the 
pseudosyzygy, is described and discussed. 
The nonmuscular articulation of 
crinoids. 
Amer. Naturalist, 43, No. 511, Oct., 
1909, pp. 577-587, figs. 1-14. 
A dissertation upon the phylogenetical 
significance and systematic importance of 
articulations, showing that articulations 
consisting only of ligaments probably 
arose through a doubling of the more 
primitive muscular articulations coupled 
with a loss of the muscles, possibly corre- 
lated with the transition from a biserial to 
a monoserial type of arm. 
A new European crinoid. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, No. 
1749, June 18, 1910, pp. 329-333, 
A new species of Antedon, A. adriatica, 
is described from Trieste, and its embry- 
ology is compared with that of A. mediter- 
ranea as worked out by Bury and Barrois, 
and of A. bifida as worked out by Wyville 
Thomson and the two Carpenters. It is 
suggested that possibly the latter did not 
err in denying the presence of underbasals 
in A. bifida. 
—— A proposed division of the Phylum 
Echinodermata. 
: Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22, 
Oct. 30, 1909, pp. 183, 184. 
The Crinoidea are shown to be most 
nearly related to the Echinoideaand Holo- 
thuroidea, and are placed with them in the 
subphylum Echinodermata Heteroradia- 
ata, in contradistinction to the Asteroidea 
and Ophiuroidea, which are united to 
form the subphylum Echinodermata 
Astroradiata. 
—— The affinities of the Echinoidea. 
Amer. Naturalist, 43, Nov.;1909, 
; pp. 682-686. 
This is an elaboration of the previous 
paper. 
— Ona collection of crinoids from the 
Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, in- 
cluding the description of a new species 
of Eulima, by Dr. Paul Bartsch. 
Vidensk. Medd. fra den Naturhist. 
Forening i Kgbenhavn, 1909, pp. 
115-194. 
This is a detailed account of a large col- 
lection of comatulids including many of 
the specimens which served as a basis for 
Professor Liitken’s MS. names. A large 
number of the specimens were taken at 
Singapore by the Danish consul at that 
137 
CLiark, Austin Hopart—Continued. 
port, Mr. Svend Gad. In the introduc- 
tion many features of ecology and distri- 
bution are discussed at length, and in an 
appendix is given a list of the crinoids 
known from Singapore. A small parasitic 
gasteropod was found on one of the speci- 
mens, which is described by Dr. Paul 
Bartsch in a short paper following the 
above. 
Origin of the crinoidal muscular 
articulations. 
Amer. Journ. Sci., 29, Art. 2,Jan., 
1910, pp. 40-44, figs. 1-5. 
The derivation of the complex muscular 
articulations of the crinoid arm from the 
simple connectives of simple ambulacral 
plates such as those of the echinoids is 
traced. The muscle bundles are, collec- 
tively, the equivalent of the intersomatic 
muscles of the echinothurids or the longi- 
tudinal muscles of the holothurians, and 
are not, as is commonly supposed, derived 
indirectly from amorphous connective 
tissue. 
A new crinoid from the Solomon 
Islands. 
Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, 23, 
Mar. 23, 1910, pp. 7, 8. 
A new species of Colobometra, C. dia- 
dema, is described from Ugi, Solomon 
Islands. The type is in the Australian 
Museum, Sydney, N.S. W. 
The probable origin of the crinoidal 
nervous system. 
Amer. Naturalist, 44, Apr., 1910. 
pp. 248, 244. 
The nervous system of the crinoids is 
derived directly from that of the arthro- 
pod, or, rather, from the common echino- 
derm-arthropod ancestor, as a result of the 
progressive shortening of the antero-pos- 
terior axis of the body, which has culmi- 
nated in a sessile habit and, further, in a 
pentamerous radialsymmetry. The ner- 
vous system of the crinoids is shown to be 
essentially the same as that of the arthro- 
pods, and the orientation of the crinoids 
and the arthropods is compared. 
Remarks on the pentamerous sym- 
metry of the crinoidea. 
Amer. Journ. Sci., 29, Apr., 1910, 
pp. 353-357, 1 fig. 
The pentamerous symmetry of the 
crinoidea is derived from that of the 
bilaterally symmetrical animals by the 
interpolation, between the two elements 
of the anterior pair of appendages, of an- 
other element equal to one-half of that 
anterior pair. Echinoderms are derived 
from bilaterally symmetrical animals very 
near the arthropod stock, which possessed 
an anterior and a posterior pair of appen- 
