STANDLEY TREES AND SHRUBS OF MEXICO. 59 



Tree, in Oregon and Washington sometimes reaching a height of 90 meters, 

 with a trunk diameter of 4.5 meters, but usually smaller ; bark thick, deeply 

 fissured ; cones purplish at first, yellowish brown when mature ; wood hard, 

 light red and coarse-grained or yellowish brown and fine-grained, the specific 

 gravity about 0.51, "Hallarin" (Coahuila) ; " abeto," "pino de corcho " 

 (Hidalgo); " pinabete," " cahuite," or " acahuite " (Durango) ; "pino real" 

 (New Mexico). 



This tree (known in the United States as Douglas fir) is of the greatest 

 commercial importance in the United States, especially on the Pacific coast, as 

 well as in those portions of Mexico where it is abundant. It furnishes the 

 largest saw timber of any of the North American trees, if not of any trees in 

 the world. The wood is used for all kinds of construction purposes, especially 

 those which require large timbers, such as shipbuilding. It is used also for 

 railroad ties. Large quantities of the lumber are exported from the United 

 States. The bark is sometimes employed for tanning leather. The smaller 

 roots are very uniform in diameter for a length of 2 to 3 meters and have been 

 a favorite material of the California Indians for the manufacture of baskets. 

 It is said that in the same State a decoction of the green leaves has been used 

 by both Indians and white people as a beverage in place of coffee ; and a decoc- 

 tion of the spring buds has been employed as a remedy for venereal diseases. 

 2. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Torr.) Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 278. 1890. 



Abies dovglasH macrocarpa Torr. in Ives, Rep. Colo. Riv. 28. 1861. 



San Pedro Mtlrtir Mountains, Baja California, at altitudes of' 1,500 to 2,100 

 meters. Southern California, the type from San Diego County. 



Similar to preceding species except for the larger cones; tree, sometimes 

 30 meters high, with a trunk diameter of 1.2 meters; wood hard, strong, close- 

 grained, brown, durable, the specific gravity about 0.45. 



3. ABIES Hill, Brit. Herb. 509. 1756. 



Large conical trees with linear sessile leaves 2 to 6 cm. long ; flowers monoe- 

 cious; cones cylindric or ovoid, the thin scales falling away from the axis at 

 maturity. 



Leaves green and sulcate on the upper surface, slender 1. A. relig'iosa. 



Leaves glaucous and carinate on the upper surface, stout 2. A. concolor. 



1. Abies religiosa (H. B. K.) Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 5: 77. 1830. 



Pimis reli£tiosa H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 5. 1817. 



Abies hirtella Lindl. Penny Cycl. 1: 31. 1833. 



In. the mountains, up to 3,600 meters, San Luis Potosi to Jalisco and south- 

 ward; type collected between Mazatl^n and Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Guate- 

 mala. 



Large tree, sometimes 45 meters high (on Orizaba said to be as much as 

 60 meters high and 6 meters in circumference), occurring mostly at altitudes of 

 1,200 to 3,450 meters ; branchlets hirtellous or glabrate ; leaves mostly 2 to 

 3 cm. long; cones 6 to 15 cm. long. "Abeto" (Valley of Mexico, Oaxaea) ; 

 " acxoyatl " (Valley of ^Mexico. Nnhuatl) ; " bansii " (Otomi) ; " jalocote " 

 (Valley of Mexico); " oyamel " or "oynmetl" (Valley of Mexico, Durango, 

 Oaxaea, Nahuatl) ; " huallame " (Coahuila); "pinabete" (Durango and else- 

 where); "guayame" (Nuevo Leon, Gonzdlez) ; "cipreso" (Guatemala); 

 known also in various localities as " pino," " pino oyamel," or " xalocotl " 

 (Nahuatl). 



This fir tree furnishes considerable lumber which is used for various con- 

 struction purposes, as well as for making paper. The trees are tapped in winter 

 126651—20 5 



