FISHERIES AND GUANO INDUSTRY OF PERU. 345 
They are good sailers and are well adapted for trolling in the bay for the 4o- 
pound robalos.“ 
Reference to boats would not be complete without mention of the American 
whaleboats which from time to time have been left by the whalers in the 
region of Tumbes. They are used in the local whale fishery and for other 
purposes. Valuing economy of nervous energy more than saving of time, the 
fishermen of Tumbes avoid any trouble from the centerboard, and cripple their 
boats, by securely sealing the centerboard well from below. 
METHODS OF FISHING. 
Besides a few small and unimportant hand nets, such as the ‘‘chaya” and 
the “bajia,’’ there are only four or five types of nets in use. These are the 
“ataraya,’ or casting net; the ‘‘red derecha,”’ or gill net; the ‘‘chinchorro,”’ or 
beach hauling seine; the ‘‘anchobetera,’’ and the “trasmalla.”’ 
The “trasmalla” (trammel-net) or “‘red de tres pafios” (net of three cloths) 
is clearly an innovation, and is now found only where it has been directly intro- 
duced by the European fishermen, as at Callao and Mollendo. The others are 
doubtless indigenous to the country, although in some cases apparently modified 
by modern influences. 
Where there are good beaches the fishermen wade into the surf to throw the 
ataraya, but, except when the valued lizas are abundant, the method is slow and 
profitless. (Fig. 4, pl. xm.) The gill net, “red,” or ‘‘red derecha,” is essen- 
tially the same wherever found, though appearing under a variety of names, 
according to the size of the mesh and the kind of fish for which it is intended. 
Used at the surface or at the bottom, set straight or traplike, in the form of 
the letter S or of a figure 6, employed in the far off shore fishery for bonitos or in 
the treacherous surf on a steep shingle beach, it may have a mesh of any size 
from 1% to 10 centimeters. Thus we find it as a “‘pejereyera” (114 to 2 cm., 
bar measure), “‘cabinsera”’ (3 cm.), “lizera”’ (4 to 5 cm.), ‘‘bonitera” (5 to 7 cm.), 
“corbinera”’ (614 to 9 cm.), “robalera”’ or ‘‘cazonera” (9 to 10 cm.), according 
as the net is designed for the capture of fishes of the sizes of peje-reys, 
cabinsas, lizas, robalos, cazones (large sharks), etc. The measures are always 
stated in “‘dedos”’ (fingers), one dedo being equivalent to about 2 centimeters, 
diagonal measure, and therefore the measure in dedos corresponds approxi- 
mately to the bar measure in centimeters. The greatest part of the catch 
of the entire coast is taken by these nets. 
The chinchorro is used where there are suitable beaches. It is a hauling 
seine, with a bag or bolsa about 7 fathoms deep by 2% high. In the back or 
@Chalanos, feluccas, and balandritas may be valued, approximately, at 200 soles, 400 soles, and 
600 soles, or at $100, $200, and $300, respectively. 
