392 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES. 
Thus far as regards the culture of goldfish in Tokyo. I shall now describe 
the method of culture pursued at Koriyama. 
METHODS OF CULTURE IN KORIYAMA. 
There are but few trustworthy records giving information on goldfish 
breeding in remote times in Japan. ‘Tradition has it that during the Hoyei era 
(1704-1710), acertain Sato Sanzaemon set up as a goldfish breeder at Koriyama 
and commenced to cultivate the fish in a mud pond. It is said that he pioneered 
the industry in that locality. 
The principal varieties of goldfish cultivated at Koriyama are the oranda 
shishigashira, the wakin, and the ranchu. The ryukin was most extensively 
cultivated there until fifty years ago, but it has since been replaced by the 
oranda shishigashira and is not much reared at present. The demekin is 
not wholly uncultivated at Koriyama but no great attention is paid to it. 
The dimensions of a pond at Koriyama do not vary with the different 
varieties of goldfish. It is usually oblong in form and measures 1o ken by 3 
ken, i. e., 30 tsubo (99.2 square meters). This is a size most convenient for 
the purpose of efficient fertilization. Formerly a depth of 1 shaku 5 sun 
(45 centimeters) was given to the pond, but it is now increased to 2 shaku (60.5 
centimeters) in order to protect the fish from the sun’s heat or atmospheric 
changes. The only drawback in this increased depth is that injurious gases are 
thereby generated from the bottom, especially when a large quantity of fertil- 
izer is put into the pond. 
COLLECTION AND CULTIVATION OF FISH FOOD. 
The most noteworthy thing in connection with goldfish breeding here is 
the attention paid to rearing as well as collecting mijinko. These small crus- 
tacea are caught in a bag 20 to 25 shaku (6.0 to 7.5 meters) long, with a 
diameter of 2 shaku (60.5 centimeters) and made of “‘tenjiku kanakin” (a 
kind of calico) with fine meshes, varnished with the astringent obtained from 
unripe persimmons, or with the extract of oak-tree bark. For two weeks after 
hatching the fish are. fed with the smallest of mijinko, which have been sifted. 
For another fortnight a larger kind of the crustacea is also given. When 
mijinko can not be obtained recourse is had to the yolk of boiled eggs, well 
pulverized. But the latter compares unfavorably as a substitute. 
Usually 40 days, but when it is warm, 30 days, prior to removing the newly 
hatched fish to another pond, soy lees packed in a straw bag are immersed in the 
bottom of the second pond with a view to producing mijinko. To determine 
properly what quantity of fertilizer is to be placed in the pond is very difficult. 
In the case of a newly made pond, 50 kamme (187 kilograms) of soy lees 
mixed with 4 or 5 ka (59.8 kilograms) of human excrement in liquid state 
