INTRODUCTION 
This publication provides a reasonably extensive bibli- 
ography of the literature on predator/prey relationships 
among amphibians and birds. [In addition, an index has been 
prepared that includes four lists which cross reference 
predator and prey species. This index enables one to 
quickly find the citations relating to particular amphibians 
me busds.. The lists, which follow this imtroducetron™@and 
precede the bibliography, are titled: Birds that Eat 
Amphibians, Amphibians Eaten by Birds, Amphibians that Eat 
Birds, and Birds Eaten by Amphibians. 
The organisms are listed phylogenetically in the first 
column of the index. The interacting species and references 
are listed in the second and third columns alphabetically by 
the author's name. A "-" in the index indicates the 
inability to determine the identity of a predator or prey 
species either due to the unavailability of an article or 
ambiguity in the article itsel£. 
The importance of a reference to predator/prey studies 
is three-fold. Birds seem to be a major selective force in 
the evolution of some amphibians. An awareness of the 
details of the predator/prey relationship in these cases may 
help elucidate aspects of amphibian and even avian 
evolution. Secondly, in order to understand the ecological 
niche of an animal one needs to be cognizant of its range of 
food items and its potential enemies. Furthermore, efforts 
to secure legislation to protect various species must, if 
possible, be based on sound knowledge, not only of the 
abundance of these species, but also on their importance to 
other species. 
It is clear that the literature is most voluminous in 
the reporting of birds feeding on amphibians. 70% of the 
articles listed fall into this category. Surprisingly 
perhaps, 7% of the articles discuss cases of amphibians 
eating birds. Some of the selections deal with studies of 
mimicry or cryptic coloration in amphibians as defenses 
against predation by birds (e.g., Brodie, Matthews). The 
use of poisons as a defense strategy appears in the 
literature as early as 1892 by Boulenger. Behavioral 
defenses are reported by at least two authors (e.g.; Ewext, 
Sazima) and the evolution of defense strategies is discussed 
by Wooley. 
Predation by birds is asserted to influence the 
evolution of community organization among salamanders 
(Jaeger) as well as the breeding location of frogs (Roca). 
