35 



95. Hardy, D. F. 1962. Ecology and behavior of the Six-lined Race- 

 runner, Cnemi^ophorus sexlin^^ U. KANSAS SCI. BULL. ^^3(1): 3-73. 



Laboratory, field and artificial enclosure observations were made 

 on a population inhabiting a sparsely vegetated sand dune habitat in the 

 floodplain of the Kansas River. Thernnoregulatory behavior is described. 

 The preferred body temperature is ^0-^l°C., the thermal activity range 

 is 3^-^l°C., lizards will not become active until their body temperature 

 is approximately 20OC. There are different thermal thresholds for diff- 

 erent behaviors. Daily activity cycles are described, with the hunger 

 drive implicated as the initiating factor. Seemingly stereotyped defe- 

 cation behavior is described. Peak seasonal activity occurs in May and 

 June; by the beginning of September adults are only occasionally active. 

 This is correlated with an increase in body fat storage and concomittant 

 increase in the daily thermal threshold for activity due to a decrease 

 in the physiological need for food. Egg deposition sites are typically 

 open, sloping, fine-grained sandy areas. The population exhibits i^ 

 distinct egg-laying periods, each representing a different age-size 

 class of females. Females 3 years or older probably lay 2 clutches per 

 year. Clutch size for yearlings is 1-3 eggs and for older females is 

 3-5 eggs. Incubation averages 50 days, l^■ types of shelter (3 of them 

 burrows) and the behavior associated with making and/or using them are 

 described. Both vision and olfaction are used in hunting; associated 

 behaviors are described. There are sexual, size, and seasonal differ- 

 ences in types of prey taken. Food habits are analyzed in detail. 

 Predators and parasites are briefly discussed. Straight-line social 

 hierarchies are established under captive conditions. Color is only 

 functional in threat behavior between aggessive males. Mating beha- 

 vior is described. Aggressive behavior in nature is thought to achieve 

 population spacing in favorable habitats; less aggressive individuals 

 being displaced to suboptimal habitats. 



96. Hardy, L. M. and C. 3. Cole. 1981. Parthenogenetic reproduction 

 in lizards: histological evidence. 3. MORPHOLOGY 170(2): 215-237. 



Serial histological sections of the complete urogenital systems 

 of 9 F2 specimens belonging to two ontogenetic series of Cnemidophorus 

 exsanguis raised in captivity in isolation from males were examined, as 

 well as that of the F| mother of one of these series. No evidence of 

 spermatozoa or testicular tissue was found. Comparative material re- 

 veals that the histology of the urogenital tract is similar to that of 

 females of the bisexual species _C. sexlineatus and _C. tigris . Evidence 

 of 8 specific points useful in the determination of true parthenogene- 

 sis (absence of males, morphological variation, ploidy levels, histo- 

 compatibility, histology of the reproductive tract, oogenesis, repro- 

 duction in captivity, and karyotype inheritance) is reviewed for C. ex - 

 sanguis . It is concluded that this species is parthenogenetic and that 

 normal reproduction does not involve sex-reversal, self-fertilization, 



