446 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION E. 



the Land of the Malays — the Malay Peninsula. But this 

 emendation had not been thono'ht of in the time of Mercator, 

 who, in his desire to record all known discoveries, placed 

 Sandnr and Condur, Locach and Maliur where the MSS. of 

 Marco Polo's travels indicated them, namely, to the south of 

 Java, on or near a northern extension of the Terra Aiistralis. 

 Java Major on Mereator's map of the world of 1569 cor- 

 rectly represents the modern Java ; Java Minor is an 

 imaginary island situated in a gulf of the Terra Australis. 



The next influence on the development of the conception 

 of a Terra Australis was that exercised by the oceanic dis- 

 coveries of the Spanish and Portuguese in South America 

 in the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth 

 centuries. The necessity of discovering ocean routes to the 

 east was the outcome of the aggressive attitude of the 

 Turks and of the internecine rivalry of the maritime re- 

 publics of Italy. As early as 1285 Genoa had sent out an 

 expedition under the leadership of Tedisio Doria and 

 Ugolino di Vivaldo for the purpose of discovering a path to 

 the Indies by way of the south of Africa. The expedition 

 never returned. 



For nearly two centuries the more enterprising amongst 

 the European nations of that period, by means of treaties 

 with the Turks or of alliances with the Mongols, attempted 

 to retain an interest in oriental trade. By the former means 

 the Genoese retained their depots in the Crimea for mer- 

 chandise coming from the east by the overland route through 

 Turkestan, and the French and Venetians came to an 

 understanding with the Sultan of Egypt regarding the navi- 

 gation of the Red Sea. Syria, under the power of the 

 Crusaders, had become another mart for the oriental produc- 

 tions which came by the way of the Euphrates Valley, and 

 the Venetians occupied a quarter in Ptoleraais, and the 

 Pisans one in Antioch, whilst the Genoese had counting- 

 houses in Jerusalem, Joppa, and Cecsarea. 



The inability of the European nations to support the 

 Crusaders in their conquest necessitated the withdrawal of 

 those merchants from Syria. The Genoese were compelled 

 to retire in 1474 from the Crimea, whilst the Venetians so 

 jealously conserved their rights in the route by the Red Sea 

 that other maritime nations had either to fall back upon the 

 Genoese attempt of 1285, or strike out some entirely neAV 

 enterprise in order to reach the east. The Portuguese did 

 the former, and reached the east by the Cape of Good Hope 



