ANTIPODAL SOUTHERN CONTINENT. 453 



" C. da fremosa " on the Harleyan Map — lies the island of 

 Jamaica, " Ysla Samaqua " or " Janiaqna." Its true position 

 would be N,E., but it is iiecurately enough placed relatively to 

 " C. da fremosa " to indicate that the cape is C. Gracias a Dios 

 and not P. Manzanilla nor C. Catoche, the only other capes 

 with which one might attempt to identify it. As for the 

 spelling' of Jamaica, that varies much in old maps and 

 treatises. The Hydrorjra'phin has " Jamaiqua," Galvano 

 writes it " Zamayca." From this ]ioint the orientation is 

 entirely ftilse, for the coast, instead of being produced nearly 

 due west, slopes off to the S.W, and produces the impression 

 of a coast-line accurately enough depicted as to hydro- 

 graphical features, but so depicted by a mariner without a 

 compass. 



Let us now return to the point whence we started, and 

 proceed southwards. South of the N.E. corner of the map 

 is a river with the much-abbreviated legend, " R. de St. 

 Po ; " perhajjs San Pedro, for in the Mappemonde peinte par 

 ordre de Henri J I., it is translated St. Pierre ; its position 

 accords with that of the Rio San Francisco. Then we have 

 an unnamed bay, and the outlet of a river marked " R. 

 Grande," answering to Bahia dos Todos Santos and the R. 

 Paraguacu or " great water,*' of which Rio Grande might be 

 a translation. Desceliers delineates a channel from this bay 

 to the mouth of the Tocantins, and thus converts the N.E. 

 corner of South America into an island. No such separa- 

 tion, however, occurs on the Mappemonde of Desliens, 

 which is otherwise similar to the Harleyan Map ; perhaps 

 Desceliers has taken a hberty with his original, in order 

 to reconcile his idea of thfe identity of the north-western 

 portion of the chart with the island of Java, a circumstance 

 to which I shall again refer. The next bay, marked " Baye 

 bresill," is probably the " porto seguro " of Cabral. The 

 name Brazil, which is stated to have been bestowed by 

 French sailors, was very soon adopted by the Portuguese, 

 for we find a " Rio Brazil " in the Hydrograpliia in a posi- 

 tion coinciding with this " Baye bresill." The undue 

 extension given to the harbours of this coast is a noticeable 

 feature ; and although one might reasonably expect that the 

 ports in which ships anchored would be shown more in detail 

 than places which were merely sailed past, I think this 

 consideration alone is hardly sufficient to account for the 

 exaggeration, but that this southern portion is the work of a 

 less skilled draughtsman than the northern — of one who had 



