492 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION F. 



industrial system — the production of a country, and the 

 measure of the wealth it gives in the employment of the 

 people — the two intimately associated together, so closely 

 entwined as to be virtually inseparable. To arrive at correct 

 conclusions one idea should never be in mind without the 

 other, or, rather, the idea should be dual in its nature — pro- 

 duction, and the measure of its employment. 



In the application of this dual idea, a better classification of 

 the Avorkers in a community suggests itself than has hitherto 

 been put forward by the statistician, and one which may be 

 regarded as a natural classification, which, in some respects, 

 forms itself. We must seek through the primary production 

 of a country the classification of its workers, and it will be 

 found that such classification leads to important results and 

 data which have not hitherto been considered, and indicates 

 the operation of the industrial system in a more systematic, 

 and in a clearer way, than could be otherwise ascertained. 



Let us place in the centre of a circle those engaged in the 

 work of primary production, whom 1 designate " primary 

 workers." I have shown them at the centre in this diagram 

 (No. 1) or circle of universal industry (a term I have bor- 

 rowed from one of the economists), and I have placed at the 

 circumference all other classes whom I designate " secondary 

 workers," including in that term, to avoid repetition, the 

 owners of realised wealth. The primary workers will include 

 agriculturists and all others employed in procuring the pro- 

 ducts of the soil, pastoralists or graziers, manufacturers of 

 every kind and character, all engaged in mining, quarrying, 

 forestry, and fisheries, capitalists, employers and employed. 



This diagram was prepared to indicate the circle of industry 

 in New South Wales, where the production of these primary 

 workers is about £30,000,000. The incomes of all classes, — 

 all wages, profits, rents, interest, earnings of every kind and 

 character in New South Wales, — have to be furnished by 

 these products. Although it is superfluous to indicate the 

 fact, and a reference thereto in addressing economists needs 

 apology, yet, as it is necessary for others to understand, I 

 have to indicate that all incomes are virtually indicated by 

 product — the coin which men receive is but the medium of 

 exchange. If crops fail the incomes of the farmers are gone, 

 together with the incomes of all who derive earnings through 

 their expenditure. If stock die, the income of the grazier is 

 lessened by the amount which would represent the production 

 of the stock and of the wool. When the product is not pro- 



