494 PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION F. 



engaged in the work of primary production, and who have to 

 receive incomes out of the annual product. They are shown 

 at the circumference of this circle. They include all engaged 

 in commerce and trade, retail dealers of every kind and 

 character, including the purveyors and modifiers of food ; 

 carriers of goods, and all others employed in dealing in any 

 way with the produce. These classes are no doubt producers 

 in one sense of the term. The carrier or cattle-drover, the 

 cattle-dealer, the carcass butcher, the retail butcher, the man 

 who drives the butcher's cart, and the cook who prepares the 

 meat, are all producers of the joint which is placed upon the 

 table. Those shown in the circumference have been and are 

 sometimes called non-producers. I do not designate them by 

 that term ; 1 call them secondary workers. My classification 

 has reference to the primary work of production, which can 

 be affected by legislation, or which may be particularly the 

 subject of organisation. The great division of secondary 

 workers referred to will also include those employed in the 

 shipping trade, ironworkers and others engaged in the repair 

 of ships and partially in their construction, underwriters and 

 marine insurance companies, dock and shipyard employes. 

 All these classes virtually receive their incomes out of the 

 product. Mr. Giffin has been the first to point out that there 

 are what he has termed the "invisible exports" of a country in 

 connection with the shipping trade— ships that go down 

 covered by insurance, stores, fuel, and the services of those 

 to whom I have referred. Money is earned abroad replacing 

 the expenditure, the whole profit in the United Kingdom 

 being estimated by Mr. Giffen at about 12^ per cent. The 

 secondary workers receiving incomes out of the product will 

 also include the owners of houses and land yielding rents, not 

 included in the class of primary workers ; all engaged in 

 personal services, agents and brokers, the numerous classes 

 in the ranks of professional and amusement, including 

 authors and those engaged in mental pursuits ; the Govern- 

 ment services, including the army, navy, and police of a 

 country ; municipal labourers ; those engaged in building and 

 construction, including contractors of every kind, and all 

 engaged in the building and finishing trades, so far as the 

 average of annual savings so employed will represent part of 

 the year's product. The employments in this division 

 derived from the expenditure of capital will to some extent 

 act upon and stimulate production ; the personal carriage 



